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Traditional ecological knowledge: concepts and cases


Year: 1993

Citation:
International Program on Traditional Ecological Knowledge; International Development Research Centre (Canada) (1993).  Traditional ecological knowledge: concepts and cases.
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Traditional ecological knowledge: Concepts and cases


Author(s): Inglis, J. T.

Year: 1993

Citation:
Inglis, J. T. (1993).  Traditional ecological knowledge: Concepts and cases.
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Traditional ecological knowledge: Reconstructing historical run timing and spawning distribution Eulachon through tribal oral history


Author(s): Reynolds, N. D., & Romano M. D.

Year: 2013

Abstract:
In response to a 2007 petition from the Cowlitz Indian Tribe, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) listed the southern distinct population segment (DPS) of eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus) as "threatened" under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). NOAA's Northwest Fishery Science Center's summary report of eulachon noted: ". . . there is a largely untapped store of knowledge on eulachon residing in the culture and traditions of Native American Indian Tribes and First Nations in Canada. . . ." We interviewed Cowlitz Tribal elders and recorded oral histories of eulachon fishing along tributaries and the mainstem of the lower Columbia River. We also recorded oral histories of non-tribal elders who experienced community traditions of eulachon fishing in the same region. Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) can augment strict biological data and create more holistic and better-integrated understanding of ecological relationships. In this inquiry, tribal oral histories identify timing and distribution of spawning eulachon runs. They do not identify habitat features associated with spawning areas but do reveal physical and behavioral characteristics of returning eulachon. This information may inform or generate new ideas for species- or habitat-related research. This information also supports NOAA and the Cowlitz Indian Tribe's continuing efforts to identify and protect critical habitat, increase abundance of the species, and achieve species recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citation:
Reynolds, N. D., & Romano M. D. (2013).  Traditional ecological knowledge: Reconstructing historical run timing and spawning distribution Eulachon through tribal oral history. Journal of Northwest Anthropology . 47(1), 47-70. Abstract
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Traditional ecological knowledge: The diversity of knowledge systems and their study


Author(s): Mailhot, J.

Year: 1994

Citation:
Mailhot, J. (1994).  Traditional ecological knowledge: The diversity of knowledge systems and their study.
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Traditional ecological knowledge: Wisdom for sustainable development


Year: 1995

Citation:
[Anonymous] (1995).  Traditional ecological knowledge: Wisdom for sustainable development.
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Traditional environmental knowledge


Author(s): Krech, III, S.

Year: 2004

Citation:
Krech, III, S. (2004).  Traditional environmental knowledge.
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Traditional environmental knowledge in practice


Author(s): Sherry, E., & Myers H.

Year: 2002

Abstract:
Realizing the potential of comanagement requires that resource managers and First Nations learn to work together more effectively. This is a distant objective unless negative preconceptions of traditional environmental knowledge and management systems are examined and overcome. This article attempts to foster understanding by exploring and dispelling three myths about aboriginal peoples' relationships to the environment: the primitive technology myth, the indiscriminate harvesting myth, and the "disappearing Indian" myth. We argue that each is unfounded and illustrate our views with a case study of Vuntut Gwitchin ideology, resource use, and management practice.

Citation:
Sherry, E., & Myers H. (2002).  Traditional environmental knowledge in practice. 15(4), 345-358. Abstract
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Traditional environmental knowledge of the Dene: A pilot Project


Author(s): Johnson, M., & Ruttan R. A.

Year: 1992

Citation:
Johnson, M., & Ruttan R. A. (1992).  Traditional environmental knowledge of the Dene: A pilot Project .
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Traditional environmental knowledge research guidelines


Author(s): Smith, J.

Year: 2006

Abstract:
The objective of this report is to provide a step-by-step guide for researchers about to embark on a project with a traditional knowledge component; it is also meant to provide CEMA with a guide for how best to incorporate traditional knowledge into their work processes. The report opens with a brief definition of traditional environmental knowledge and eight principles for working with traditional knowledge. The majority of the guidebook is dedicated to the step-by-step approach, including review and collaboration, developing a plan, contacting the community, preparing for and conducting interviews, and dealing with the data. The guidebook also includes sample budgets, agreement for sharing, traditional environmental knowledge use licence, and sample interview questions.

Citation:
Smith, J. (2006).  Traditional environmental knowledge research guidelines. Abstract
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Traditional fisheries of the Fort McKay First Nation


Author(s): Stanislawski, S.

Year: 1998

Abstract:
This study documents traditional fisheries and their uses within the aboriginal community of Fort McKay, located about 50 km north of Fort McMurray in north-eastern Alberta. Fourteen current and past fishermen in the community of Fort MacKay were interviewed between March 22, 1997 to March 22, 1998 for this study. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the distribution of traditional fishing locations of the Fort McKay First Nation; to determine the relative importance and use of these fisheries; to determine all uses for the fisheries resource in the community; and to initiate a way of monitoring the Namur/Gardiner lakes system in particular, since this system is still relatively undisturbed and relied upon to provide quality fish to the Fort McKay community.Eighty-eight sites in forty-one different locations were identified as traditional fishing grounds for the Fort McKay First Nation, which concentrate on the Athabasca River corridor, Namur/Gardiner Lakes system and the Firebag River drainage. The author describes how fishing camps were set up along these traditional locations to smoke and dry fish for human consumption, provide stores of dog food and bait for trapping fur bearers. This study goes on to document some particulars regarding traditional fishing such as the various species caught, number of lines set, fishing methods, type of bait, and the angling gear used.

Citation:
Stanislawski, S. (1998).  Traditional fisheries of the Fort McKay First Nation. Abstract
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Traditional foods study literature review


Year: 2003

Abstract:
The purpose of this traditional foods study was to "provide baseline information regarding trace concentrations of metals in First Nation traditional foods to which impacts of future development activities can be compared, and to identify traditional use resources and food gathering areas." This study, which includes the First Nations of Fort McMurray and Chipewyan Prairie, is meant to complement an earlier northern study that had included the communities of Fort McKay and Fort Chipewyan. For information on trace metals in traditional foods, the literature reviewed included six environmental impact assessments, a report by the Trace Metals and Air Contaminants Working Group, several reports from the Northern River Basin Study, the NRBS Human Health Monitoring Program report, the Aquatic Resource Management Study report, the Lesko Study report, and the RAMP Report on Chemical and Biological Monitoring. A summary of metal contaminants found is provided for each report. For information on traditional use resources and food gathering areas, the authors also reviewed six environmental impact assessments, three traditional land use and occupancy studies done for the Forest management Task Force, and the Northern River Basins Study. The traditional use and knowledge, concerns, and recommendations from each are summarized. A section on information gaps notes that very little monitoring of metals in wildlife, fish, and vegetation has been done south of Fort McMurray. Indeed, there is very little information from which to build a baseline assessment. RAMP and TEEM do not actively monitor in the study area. The possibility for exposure to contaminants identified in environmental impact assessments was not followed up with sampling. No dietary studies have been completed on communities in the area. Furthermore, TLU studies done with Fort McMurray First Nation and Chipewyan Prairie First Nation have been industry initiated and may not reflect all the traditional knowledge available. Likewise, GIS data from ANDC/AlPac is ten years out of date and needs to be cleaned up to be usable. The report provides several recommendations towards completing a baseline study of the region and identifies gaps in the traditional knowledge presented in environmental impact assessments that should be filled to assist in the design of broader environment management programmes.

Citation:
[Anonymous] (2003).  Traditional foods study literature review. Abstract
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Traditional health knowledge and public policy


Author(s): Bodekar, G.

Year: 1994

Citation:
Bodekar, G. (1994).  Traditional health knowledge and public policy.
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Traditional health systems: Policy, biodiversity, and global interdependence


Author(s): Bodekar, G.

Year: 1995

Citation:
Bodekar, G. (1995).  Traditional health systems: Policy, biodiversity, and global interdependence. 1(3), 12 pages .
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Traditional Indigenous approaches to healing and the modern welfare of traditional knowledge, spirituality and lands: A critical reflection on practices and policies taken from the Canadian indigenous example


Author(s): Robbins, J. A., & Dewar J.

Year: 2011

Abstract:
In order for traditional knowledge to be maintained and to develop, it has to be practiced. Traditional healing provides a vehicle for this to occur. In Canada, the spiritual revitalization of Indigenous communities and individuals often involves the use numerous components of traditional healing. These elements are reflected most clearly at the grassroots level, however, current Indigenous programs delivered by Indigenous and governmental agencies have made some accommodating efforts as well. Perhaps most importantly, traditional knowledge and Indigenous spirituality hinges on the maintenance and renewal of relationships to the land. Indigenous land bases and the environment as a whole remain vitally important to the practice of traditional healing. A focus on Indigenous healing, when discussing Indigenous knowledge systems and spirituality, is paramount today due to the large scale suppression of Indigenous cultural expressions during the process of colonization. With respect to policy, there appears to be a historical progression of perception or attitude towards Indigenous traditional healing in Canada from one of disfavour to one favour. There are nevertheless continuing challenges for traditional healing. Mainstream perceptions and subsequent policy implementations sometimes still reflect attitudes that were formulated during the decline of traditional healing practice during colonization processes. As a consequence the ability for particular communities to maintain and use their specific understandings of Indigenous knowledge continues encounter obstacles. Indigenous Knowledge systems are living entities and not relics of the past. Today, these knowledge systems are still greatly being applied to help Indigenous communities and Indigenous people recover from intergenerational pain and suffering endured during the colonization process. Future policy development and implementation should aim to support Indigenous peoples and communities when they decide to learn about, maintain and build upon the knowledge amassed by their ancestors.

Citation:
Robbins, J. A., & Dewar J. (2011).  Traditional Indigenous approaches to healing and the modern welfare of traditional knowledge, spirituality and lands: A critical reflection on practices and policies taken from the Canadian indigenous example. International Indigenous Policy Journal. 2(4), 17 pages . Abstract
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Traditional knowledge advocates weave a tangled web


Author(s): Howard, A., & Widdowson F.

Year: 1997

Citation:
Howard, A., & Widdowson F. (1997).  Traditional knowledge advocates weave a tangled web. 18(3), 46-48.
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Traditional knowledge and geographic indications


Author(s): Commission on Intellectual Property Rights

Year: 2002

Citation:
Commission on Intellectual Property Rights (2002).  Traditional knowledge and geographic indications. 73-94.
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Traditional knowledge and land use assessment


Year: 2003

Abstract:
The purpose of this report is to forward the "application for approval of the South Tailings Pond and serves to meet requirements under the Alberta Oil Sands Conservation Act, Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act and the Water Act." A traditional land use study was conducted for the Suncor STP Project through completion of consultation and interviews with holders of Registered Fur Management Areas that would be directly affected by the project. The interviews involved use of a standardized set of questions. These questions were designed to elicit information on plant harvesting, fishing, hunting and trapping, cabins, trails and access routes, and issues and concerns related to the development. The study concludes that "The total effect of regional development on traditional land users would be rated as of moderate consequence based on the current and planned level of activity."

Citation:
[Anonymous] (2003).  Traditional knowledge and land use assessment. Abstract
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Traditional knowledge and land use assessment


Year: 2005

Abstract:
This traditional knowledge and land use study is intended to serve for two concurrent regulatory applications, collectively entitled the Voyageur project: one for the Voyageur Upgrader and another for the North Steepbank Extension. Directing the study was the key question, "What effects will the Voyageur Project and the existing and approved developments have on traditional land users during operations and following closure?" Interviews were held with the registered holders and junior partners of the potentially affected Registered Fur Management Areas licence holders (#s 2297, 2214, 2156, and 587), as well as members of Fort McKay First Nation, the Métis Nation of Alberta, Zone 1, and non-Aboriginal trappers. Details of the interview methodology and results are presented in the Environmental Setting Reports in a later volume. Issues and concerns raised by trappers are included in project impact assessment section of this study; otherwise traditional knowledge and land use data comes from a literature review of previous traditional land use studies commissioned by Fort McKay First Nation or oil sands operators; traditional land use studies commissioned by other Aboriginal communities with an interest in the project area; and quantitative information on disturbance areas using the McKillop (2002) "Culturally Significant Ecosystem" approach. Following a brief summary of the issues and concerns extracted from the literature review, the baseline study provides a quantitative analysis of existing disturbances to Registered Fur Management Areas by listing type of disturbance and the number of hectares that disturbance occupies. The disturbance areas are then compared to intense, moderate, and low use areas for all traditional uses, and more specifically for large game harvesting and traditional plant harvesting. The project impact assessment presents a linkage analysis, highlighting the key concerns of interviewed trappers, and then determines whether the linkage (or concern) is valid or invalid based on proposed project designs and operational plans. Valid linkages are then examined qualitatively, drawing on biophysical assessments for the project, and quantitatively, again using McKillop's model of intense, moderate, and low use areas. A similar comparative analysis is given for the cumulative effects assessment.

Citation:
[Anonymous] (2005).  Traditional knowledge and land use assessment. Abstract
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Traditional knowledge and land use assessment


Year: 2007

Abstract:
Volume four of the Voyageur South Project Environmental Impact Assessment provides information on Traditional Knowledge and Land Use (TK and TLU) as required by the environmental impact assessment Terms of Reference. The objectives of this section of the Voyageur South Project's larger environmental impact assessment were to determine the extent of traditional land use of the local study area; to discuss the vegetation and wildlife used for nutritional and medicinal purposes, and the effects of the project; to identify the traditional land uses (fishing, hunting, plant harvesting) and cultural uses (cabin, spiritual, and grave sites); to determine both the project's and the cumulative impact of development on these uses; and finally, to identify possible mitigation strategies. The information obtained from the trapper interviews indicates that traditional activities are carried out on a regular basis within the Voyageur South Project area. The species of vegetation and wildlife used for traditional food, ceremonial, medicinal and other purposes by specific land users and their families were discussed. Details on the interviews and information collected are provided in the Traditional Land Use Setting Report (Golder 2007). Issues and concerns raised by trappers are documented and discussed in the Application Case qualitative assessment (Section 8.2.4 of the Voyageur South Project Environmental Impact Assessment).

Citation:
[Anonymous] (2007).  Traditional knowledge and land use assessment. Abstract
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Traditional knowledge and land use effects assessment


Year: 2005

Abstract:
The objectives of the Traditional Knowledge and Land Use portion of the environmental impact assessment were to determine the extent of traditional land use; discuss the vegetation and wildlife used for nutritional and medicinal purposes; examine the potential effects the Christina Lake project may have; identify the traditional land uses including fishing, hunting, and plant harvesting, as well as cabin sites, spiritual sites, and graves; determine the project and cumulative impacts of development on these uses; and identify possible mitigation strategies. Interviews with 12 Conklin Métis Elders were conducted in their language of choice. Confidentiality was maintained through the use of numeric codes. Interview questions were semi-directed and focused on patterns of traditional occupancy use; interviewees were free to change the direction of discussion to other matters deemed important to the study. This report gives a broad and comprehensive discussion of the methodology and principles of approach used for the study, including working definitions, pre-existing issues and concerns, management goals, and assessment approach. A large section on baseline information describes historical and current information related to Conklin Métis traditional land use, exploring traditional lifestyles and values (spiritual values, travel, the seasonal round, food gathering, traditional sites, and health), traditional sites and areas (medicinal plant locales, grave sites, spiritual renewal sites, campsites, and trails), and ecological observations (air, "yellow scum," water quality, vegetation, fish and wildlife, industrial disturbance, sacred space, Métis access, preservation of cultural values, health and well-being). The last section of the report describes both the local study area and the regional study area effects to various sites and resources. It also provides MEG Energy Corporation's response to the identified issues and concerns, explaining mechanics of the project, suggesting issue-specific mitigation, or promising further discussion.

Citation:
[Anonymous] (2005).  Traditional knowledge and land use effects assessment. Abstract
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Traditional knowledge and land use effects assessment: Additional information


Year: 2006

Abstract:
The objectives of this supplementary traditional knowledge and land use effects assessment were to determine the extent of traditional land use; discuss the vegetation and wildlife used for nutritional and medicinal purposes; examine the potential effects the Christina Lake project may have; identify the traditional land uses including fishing, hunting, and plant harvesting, as well as cabin sites, spiritual sites, and graves; determine the project and cumulative impacts of development on these uses; and identify possible mitigation strategies. A preliminary round-table discussion with five Chipewyan Prairie First Nation Elders was held in August 2004, while three interviews with individuals were conducted, in the language of choice, in June 2005. Confidentiality was maintained through the use of numeric codes. Interview questions were semi-directed and focused on patterns of traditional occupancy use; interviewees were free to change the direction of discussion to other matters deemed important to the study. This report gives a broad and comprehensive discussion of the methodology and principles of approach used for the study, including working definitions, management goals, and the assessment approach. A large section on baseline information describes historical and current information related to Chipewyan Prairie First Nation traditional land use, exploring traditional lifestyles and values (cooperative communal relationships, sacred areas/spirituality, the homeland, place names, travel, worldview, traditional foods, biodiversity, livelihood, and health/well-being), traditional sites and areas (berry picking locales, settlement areas, burial sites, caribou range, campsites, and trails), and ecological observations (air and water quality, biodiversity/ecological health, habitat removal/landscape fragmentation, access, preservation of cultural values and traditional ways, traditional foods, health/well-being). The last section of the report describes both the local study area and the regional study area effects to various sites and resources. It also provides MEG Energy Corporation's response to the identified issues and concerns, explaining mechanics of the project, suggesting issue-specific mitigation, or promising further discussion.

Citation:
[Anonymous] (2006).  Traditional knowledge and land use effects assessment: Additional information. Abstract
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Traditional knowledge and renewable resource management in northern regions


Author(s): Freeman, M. R., & Carbyn L. N.

Year: 1988

Abstract:
This publication includes a number of papers given at a workshop on Native Peoples and Wildlife Management, held in October 1986, during the Boreal Institute's 25th Anniversary conference on "Knowing the North: Integrating Tradition, Science and Technology." Some of the papers in this collection provide a number of case studies relating to traditional knowledge and management institutions among Inuit groups in arctic Canada, the Cree of the Canadian subarctic, Athabaskans in Alaska, and the Sami of northern Norway. The papers in this publication also deal with management, whether traditional/indigenous, or prevailing state-mandated systems based on non-indigenous scientific perspectives. Some authors are concerned more especially to show that the traditional knowledge systems continue to function in northern Native societies to "manage" the human-wildlife interactions in ways that are equitable, sustainable, and in conformity with long-held tradition. Throughout this conference, there is an urge for further integration of the science-based state management system with traditional systems of self-regulation. This collection of papers is dedicated to the notion of increased understanding and a greater respect for traditional ecological knowledge. This need for recognition is not only directed to non-Native people inside and outside of the North, but also to young northern Natives who are increasingly unaware of many of the traditions that have served their ancestors for countless generations and which continue to have relevance to the environmental problems facing humankind today and in the future.

Citation:
Freeman, M. R., & Carbyn L. N. (1988).  Traditional knowledge and renewable resource management in northern regions. Abstract
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Traditional knowledge and satellite tracking as complementary approaches to ecological understanding


Author(s): Huntington, H. P., Suydam R., & Rosenberg H. D.

Year: 2004

Abstract:
The integration or co-application of traditional knowledge and scientific knowledge has been the subject of considerable research and discussion (see Johannes 1981; Johnson 1992; Stevenson 1996; McDonald et al. 1997; Huntington et al.1999, 2002), with emphasis on various specific topics including environmental management and conservation (see Freeman & Carbyn 1988; Ferguson & Messier 1997; Ford & Martinez 2000; Usher 2000; Albert 2001). In most cases, examples of successful integration compare traditional and scientific observations at similar spatial scales to increase confidence in understanding or to fill gaps that appear from either perspective. We present a different approach to integration, emphasizing complementarity rather than concordance in spatial perspective, using two migratory species as examples.

Citation:
Huntington, H. P., Suydam R., & Rosenberg H. D. (2004).  Traditional knowledge and satellite tracking as complementary approaches to ecological understanding. 31 , 177-180 . Abstract
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Traditional knowledge and sustainable development


Author(s): Davis, S., & Ebbe K.

Year: 1995

Citation:
Davis, S., & Ebbe K. (1995).  Traditional knowledge and sustainable development.
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Traditional knowledge and sustainable forest management


Author(s): Stevenson, M. G.

Year: 2005

Citation:
Stevenson, M. G. (2005).  Traditional knowledge and sustainable forest management.
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Traditional knowledge highlights loss of treaty rights on river.


Author(s): Narine, S.

Year: 2011

Abstract:
The article focuses on the move of First Nations Mikisew Cree and Athabasca Chipewyan to commission a report entitled "As Long as the River Flows: Athabasca River Knowledge, Use and Change" in response to the work being carried out at the Athabasca River by Alberta Environment Protection.

Citation:
Narine, S. (2011).  Traditional knowledge highlights loss of treaty rights on river.. Alberta Sweetgrass. 18(3),  Abstract
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Traditional knowledge in environmental management? From commodity to process


Author(s): Stevenson, M. G.

Year: 1998

Citation:
Stevenson, M. G. (1998).  Traditional knowledge in environmental management? From commodity to process.
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Traditional knowledge in practice


Author(s): Abele, F.

Year: 1997

Citation:
Abele, F. (1997).  Traditional knowledge in practice. 50(4), iii-iv.
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Traditional knowledge in site recognition and definition


Author(s): Greer, S.

Year: 1994

Abstract:
Archaeology in the western subarctic has a relatively long history of using Indigenous Tradition Knowledge. Examination of the role of Traditional Knowledge has played in the recognition of sites in the Yukon and Dene area of the Northwest Territories shows that only in the past few years is Traditional Knowledge being truly integrated into research.

Citation:
Greer, S. (1994).  Traditional knowledge in site recognition and definition. Abstract
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Traditional knowledge into the twenty-first century


Author(s): Moore, H.

Year: 1994

Citation:
Moore, H. (1994).  Traditional knowledge into the twenty-first century.
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Traditional knowledge is science


Author(s): Hobson, G.

Year: 1992

Citation:
Hobson, G. (1992).  Traditional knowledge is science. 20(1), 
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Traditional knowledge manual


Author(s): Labour, S., Fedirchuk G., & Nicholls N.

Year: 2005

Citation:
Labour, S., Fedirchuk G., & Nicholls N. (2005).  Traditional knowledge manual. (Environmental Studies Research Funds (Canada), Kavik-Axys Inc., Ed.).
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Traditional knowledge of local people is often more accurate than that of environmental scientists


Author(s): Edwards, R.

Year: 1998

Citation:
Edwards, R. (1998).  Traditional knowledge of local people is often more accurate than that of environmental scientists.
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Traditional knowledge research for sustainable development


Author(s): Lalonde, A., & Akhtar S.

Year: 1994

Citation:
Lalonde, A., & Akhtar S. (1994).  Traditional knowledge research for sustainable development. 30(2), 22-28.
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Traditional knowledge systems: The recognition of Indigenous history and science


Author(s): Waldram, J. B.

Year: 1986

Citation:
Waldram, J. B. (1986).  Traditional knowledge systems: The recognition of Indigenous history and science. 2(2), 115-124.
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Traditional knowledge threatens environmental assessment


Author(s): Howard, A., & Widdowson F.

Year: 1996

Citation:
Howard, A., & Widdowson F. (1996).  Traditional knowledge threatens environmental assessment. 34-36.
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Traditional knowledge, western science and environmental ethics in forest management


Author(s): Thomson, A. J., Jimmie M. N., Turner N. J., & Mitchell D.

Year: 2000

Citation:
Thomson, A. J., Jimmie M. N., Turner N. J., & Mitchell D. (2000).  Traditional knowledge, western science and environmental ethics in forest management. 181-186.
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Traditional knowledge: A report prepared for the Arctic Council Indigenous Peoples' secretariat


Author(s): Burgess, P.

Year: 1999

Abstract:
In the author's words, "the purpose of this report is to examine the "concept' of traditional knowledge, the terms associated with it, what programs and research projects are currently underway in the Arctic region that are related to traditional knowledge, to survey how traditional knowledge is currently being used in management regimes, with particular reference to the management of renewable resources and to compile a bibliography of written materials that are related to traditional knowledge." The report notes the increased interest in and increasingly widespread acceptance of Traditional Knowledge, but that there remains a gap between rhetoric and reality. The report was compiled primarily out of an extensive literature review due to time restraints, but also included a questionnaire sent to the Permanent Participants to the Arctic Council (Inuit Circumpolar Conference, Sámi Council, Aleut International Association, and the Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North), and personal conversations with various indigenous peoples social and cultural organizations, research centres, individuals, and NGOs. The main body of the report is divided into two sections: an in-depth discussion of the concept of traditional knowledge, including terminology, uses, conferences and workshops, and the future of traditional knowledge; and a list of projects related to traditional knowledge by Arctic region, covering in Canada, for example, the Dogrib Traditional Knowledge Project and projects done by the Dene Cultural Institute. Of these two main sections, that on the concept of traditional knowledge would be most useful to researchers in the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo. Rounding out the document is a brief selection of quotes either regarding traditional knowledge or directly referencing traditional knowledge from such international organizations as UNESCO, WWF, Canadian Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, and the Nordic Council. Finally, there is a 34-page bibliography, and two appendices, one containing the questionnaire used, and the other containing the contacts for various organizations contacted in the course of preparing the document.

Citation:
Burgess, P. (1999).  Traditional knowledge: A report prepared for the Arctic Council Indigenous Peoples' secretariat. Abstract
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Traditional knowledge: Considerations for protecting water in Ontario


Author(s): McGregor, D.

Year: 2012

Abstract:
In Canada, the water crisis increasingly felt around the world is being experienced primarily in small, usually Indigenous, communities. At the heart of this issue lies an ongoing struggle to have Indigenous voices heard in the decision-making processes that affect their lives, lands, and waters. As part of ancient systems of Traditional Knowledge (TK), Indigenous people bear the knowledge and the responsibility to care for the waters upon which they depend for survival. A series of internationally developed documents has supported Indigenous peoples' calls for increased recognition of the importance of TK in resolving environmental crises, including those involving water. Ontario provincial and Canadian federal governments have been developing legislative and regulatory documents to help fend off further water-related catastrophes within their jurisdictions. Despite such efforts, a number of barriers to the successful and appropriate involvement of TK in water management remain. Based on years of community-based and policy-related research with First Nations people involved in water-related undertakings, this article highlights progress made to date, and provides Indigenous viewpoints on what further steps need to be taken. Key among these steps are the need to restore and maintain Indigenous access to traditional territories and ways of life, and the requirement for mutually respectful collaboration between TK and Western science.

Citation:
McGregor, D. (2012).  Traditional knowledge: Considerations for protecting water in Ontario. International Indigenous Policy Journal. 3(3), 1 page . Abstract
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Traditional knowledge: Old ways of looking at new problems


Year: 1991

Citation:
[Anonymous] (1991).  Traditional knowledge: Old ways of looking at new problems.
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Traditional land effects assessment wellness methodology


Author(s): McCullough, E. J., & McCullough A.

Year: 2005

Citation:
McCullough, E. J., & McCullough A. (2005).  Traditional land effects assessment wellness methodology.
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Traditional land use and environmental knowledge study


Year: 2001

Abstract:
The objectives of this section of the Fort Hills project environmental impact assessment was to present historical and modern-day traditional land use activities, and "consider the direct and indirect effects industrial development has on the opportunity and ability to carry out TLU pursuits." Interviews with trapline holder families were held in November 2000 (field ground-truthing was to have taken place after the release of this report). The traditional environmental knowledge resultant from interviews and mapping exercises was incorporated into the environmental impact assessment as a whole, while this section outlines the potential impacts on key traditionally used resources and associated harvesting activities. The author notes that "The impact assessment for qualitative parameters is based on available information and professional judgment," while the section on traditionally used plants has been developed from the vegetation and wetlands section of the larger environmental impact assessment. The report begins by outlining the results of an internal issue scoping and the selection of key indicator resources. Baseline conditions of the project area in 2000 are overviewed. The bulk of the report is made up of the results of the impact analysis, organized by key questions. The key questions asked are "What is the cumulative impact to regional traditional lands and traditional land use?" "What are the main concerns of the Aboriginal people who could be affected?" and "What are the potential impacts to traditional resources and land use practices during peak project operations and post-closure?" Under the section introduced by the latter question, there is extensive information on trapping, fishing, and harvesting resources. Habitat Suitability Index modelling was completed for moose, lynx, marten, black bear, snowshoe hare, and waterfowl. Core security modelling was done for moose, black bear, and lynx. Accessible ecosites are detailed for eight different key plant species. There is no conclusion to the report, but the author notes in an introductory section that "General comments regarding impact[s], [their] magnitude, recovery period[s], whether positive or neutral/negative and possible mitigation are made [throughout] if appropriate."

Citation:
[Anonymous] (2001).  Traditional land use and environmental knowledge study. Abstract
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Traditional land use and occupancy studies and their impact on forest planning and management in Alberta


Author(s): Robinson, M. P., & Ross M. M.

Year: 1997

Abstract:
Canada is an international leader in the methodology of traditional land use and occupancy mapping as a result of the negotiation process for settling comprehensive land claims in the North. Since the early 1980s this methodology has found increasing application in the Canadian mid-North, especially in the context of forest planning and management in the northern Alberta Forest Management Agreement (FMA) areas. The goals of traditional land use and occupancy mapping in these FMAs include the collection and preservation of traditional environmental knowledge, integration of this knowledge into forest planning and management and, for the Aboriginal communities, active participation in decision-making processes in order to attain sustainable forest management. While the first goal is often met in mapping projects, goals two and three are proving harder to achieve because of conflicting government policy, agendas, differing paradigms of community development in society at large, and the lack of recognition and legal protection for Treaty and Aboriginal rights.

Citation:
Robinson, M. P., & Ross M. M. (1997).  Traditional land use and occupancy studies and their impact on forest planning and management in Alberta. 73 ( 5 ),  596-605 . Abstract
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Traditional land use and occupancy studies and their impact on forest planning and management in Alberta


Author(s): Robinson, M. P., & Ross M. M.

Year: 1992

Abstract:
Canada is an international leader in the methodology of traditional land use and occupancy mapping as a result of the negotiation process for settling comprehensive land claims in the North. Since the early 1980s this methodology has found increasing application in the Canadian mid-North, especially in the context of forest planning and management in the northern Alberta Forest Management Agreement (FMA) areas. The goals of traditional land use and occupancy mapping in these FMAs include collection and preservation of traditional environmental knowledge integration of this knowledge into forest planning and management and, for the Aboriginal communities, active participation in decision-making processes in order to attain sustainable forest management. While the first goal is often met in the mapping projects, goals two and three are proving harder to achieve because of conflicting government policy agendas, differing paradigms of community development in society at large, and the lack of recognition and legal protection for Treaty and Aboriginal rights.

Citation:
Robinson, M. P., & Ross M. M. (1992).  Traditional land use and occupancy studies and their impact on forest planning and management in Alberta. Abstract
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Traditional land use and occupancy study: Anzac, Gregoire Lake Reserve, and Fort McMurray; Janvier and Chipewyan Prairie; and Conklin Settlement: Final Report. Volume 1


Year: 1993

Abstract:
The Traditional Land Use and Occupancy Study (TLUOS) grew out of the Parallel Aboriginal Process to Participate in Alberta Pacific's Forest Management Task Force, which was signed by senior representatives of the Athabasca Native Development Corporation (ANDC), Alberta Pacific Industries Inc. (AlPac), and the Alberta Department of Environmental Protection. The Aboriginal forum process detailed in the above document commits to: assessment of previous and current levels and extent of utilization of wildlife by Aboriginal people in the target region of the FMA land base; and assessment and discussion of traditional aboriginal land use in each compartment so that this information may be considered in the Detailed Forest Management Plan and during the Public Involvement Action Plan. Timber harvest plans will be reviewed under the Parallel Aboriginal Process prior to their approval. This report is to be used in conjunction with "Mapping How We Use Our Land: Using Participatory Action Research"

Citation:
[Anonymous] (1993).  Traditional land use and occupancy study: Anzac, Gregoire Lake Reserve, and Fort McMurray; Janvier and Chipewyan Prairie; and Conklin Settlement: Final Report. Volume 1. Abstract
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Traditional land use and occupancy study: Janvier and Chipewyan Prairie, final report


Author(s): Janvier, S., Herman E., Garvin T., & Robinson M.

Year: 1993

Abstract:
The project located known harvest sites for 20 species of fur bearing animals, 4 species of ungulates, 8 species of fish, 6 species of birds, a generic record of duck and goose habitat, 18 salt licks, 27 blueberry picking sites, 17 cranberry picking sites, 10 hay meadows, 8 rat root gathering areas, 11 mint gathering areas, 67 used/useable cabins, 30 grave sites, hundreds of miles of trapline and inter-settlement trail systems, 43 locally used place names as yet officially unrecorded, 2 potentially significant archaeological sites (Christina Crossing and the hanging stone on the Hangingstone River), and a potential palaeontological site (a fossilized fish south of Conklin). A methodology, interview results, Janvier and Chipewyan Prairie issues, recommendations and a bibliography are all included. This report is meant to be read along with the six summary map sheets kept by each community which graphically portray study results on 1:250 000 scales Alberta Forestry, Lands and Wildlife Waterways 74D and Winefred Lakes 73M base maps. A companion set of the related 1:50,000 scale base maps is also held by the Arctic Institute, and provides a much greater level of locational detail. A plastic map overlay series is also included with this report (see Appendix 2) to enable easy reference to the six data categories (trails and graves; local place names; cabins; birds; big game and fish habitat; fur bearing animals; and berries, bush medicine and minerals) and to portray the impacts-in-combination when all six categories are superimposed. This project provided the first opportunity for most of the interviewees to share their traditional knowledge of land use with a wider audience. Some people wondered why it took so long to finally begin this work which could have provided much more of a complete record if done twenty or thirty years ago prior to intensive development of the oil sands. Over the course of the work, most of the interviewees came to see that their individual contributions were valued, and that collectively the traditional use data portrayed an extensive record of resource use over the entire study region.

Citation:
Janvier, S., Herman E., Garvin T., & Robinson M. (1993).  Traditional land use and occupancy study: Janvier and Chipewyan Prairie, final report. Abstract
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Traditional land use and resource use environmental setting report


Year: 2005

Abstract:
This study is divided into three sections—resource use, traditional land use, historical resources—each with different objectives, methods, and results. The objective of the Resource Use study was to "identify legislative framework for land and resource use management at the provincial and municipal levels; determine types of land uses, human activities and natural resources present in the local and regional study areas; and update previous resource use compilations." The section made use of a literature review as well as personal communication with governmental and non-governmental agencies and organizations. It details development management plans, policy documents and associations; environmentally important areas in reference to the proposed development; mineral and surface materials; access routes; local agriculture; forestry; hunting, trapping, and berry picking; water use; fishing; non-consumptive resource use; and overall aesthetics of the region. The objectives of the traditional land use portion of the study were to "review and summarize existing traditional land use information, collect traditional land use information relevant to the proposed development to supplement existing baseline information, identify some potential issues and concerns of affected trapline holders, and provide a preliminary list of concerns that can be used in baseline scoping and selection of valued social or environmental components for the impact assessment." Both a review of background literature and interviews with members of Fort McKay First Nation and Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation were conducted. The interviews were conducted in stages. Shell Canada interviewed people holding traplines within the lease area for the Jackpine Mine project in late 2001 and early 2002. Transcripts of those interviews were provided for review in advance of the interviews conducted regarding the Muskeg River Mine project. Shell also drafted the interview questions for the new development; those interview questions were reviewed and refined by both Golder Associates and FMA Heritage. All interviews (six in total) for the Muskeg River Mine Expansion were with members of Fort McKay First Nation who held traplines in the project area. The interviews took place in September 2004 and were intended to be an extension of earlier interviews conducted for the Jackpine Mine project. The traditional land use section consists of an overview of the cultural and historical setting of the region, an outline of the methodology, an overview of traditional land use studies available for Aboriginal communities in the area, as well as development-specific assessments that include traditional land use components. Recurring concerns from the latter, as well as the 2001-2002 Shell interviews, are summarized. The results of the 2004 Muskeg River Mine interviews are then summarized for each trapline holder. The Historical Resources component of this study included a Historical Resources Impact Assessment of the proposed ten-year development areas and a field overview of the proposed postten-year development areas. A total of 58 previously recorded sites were revisited and 63 new sites were identified. All were precontact archaeological sites.

Citation:
[Anonymous] (2005).  Traditional land use and resource use environmental setting report. Abstract
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Traditional land use and traditional ecological knowledge


Year: 2004

Abstract:
The objectives of this study were to "integrate information on historical and current traditional land use in the Sunrise Project area with traditional ecological knowledge preserved within affected Aboriginal communities." The authors of this assessment consulted recent environmental impact assessments, traditional land use studies and traditional plant lists prepared by Fort McKay and Athabasca Chipewyan First Nations, interview transcripts from previously completed environmental impact assessments, documentary information provided by the Fort McKay First Nation Industrial Relations Corporation, as well as information gathered at ongoing consultation with Fort McKay, Athabasca Chipewyan, and Mikisew Cree First Nations. Additionally, there were two rounds of interviews in the spring of 2004 with the holders of the four registered traplines that would be affected by the development. The interviews aimed to gather traditional knowledge on land use of the area before oil sands development, in the early stages of development (Syncrude, Great Canadian Oil Sands, now Suncor), and during the current stage of oil sands expansion. Field visits were also conducted. The historical context and a summary of the traditional economy of each Nation, as well as a detailed table on flora and fauna use, are provided. The authors include background information on the four traplines, their holders and families, and detail what the project-specific and cumulative impacts to those traplines would be. Mitigation efforts by Husky are summarized at the end of the document. Expected impacts are reported from consultant's point of view. A short list of Fort McKay First Nation concerns is included.

Citation:
[Anonymous] (2004).  Traditional land use and traditional ecological knowledge. Abstract
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Traditional land use assessment


Year: 1998

Abstract:
The objectives of the baseline study portion of Syncrude Canada Ltd. Mildred Lake Upgrader's regulatory application were to summarize existing information on traditional land use in the project area; identify the nature and extent of historical and current traditional land use in the project area; identify and map important hunting and trapping areas, medicinal plant and berry harvesting areas, and cultural sites; document the traditional environmental knowledge associated with traditional harvesting activities in the project area for use in the environmental impact assessment; and record concerns regarding the project and its cumulative effects. This report gives a broad and comprehensive discussion of the methodology and principles of approach used for the study, including working definitions, pre-existing issues and concerns, management goals, and assessment approach. Issues and concerns expressed by Fort McKay First Nation are presented in a synthesised manner, divided by study discipline. Detailed tables and maps of traditional resource use are also included. The authors conclude that "There are no significant effects on Traditional Land Use from the Project."

Citation:
[Anonymous] (1998).  Traditional land use assessment. Abstract
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Traditional land use assessment


Year: 2007

Abstract:
While the Kirby project is located within the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo, its footprint impacts on the traditional territories of a number of Aboriginal communities both within and beyond the boundaries of the municipality. At the time of writing, interviews had been held with Heart Lake First Nation, Chipewyan Prairie Dene First Nation, and the Métis holder of trapline #2361, resident at Winefred Lake. Interviews with other Aboriginal communities were in the process of being arranged. The scope of this report was framed by one central question: What effects could existing and approved developments, the project, and planned developments have on traditional land use? Data gathered for the report came from a literature review of previous community and industry-initiated traditional land use studies, as well as interviews with Heart Lake First Nation Elders and an interview with the Métis holder of RFMA #2361. Data was then analysed qualitatively and quantitatively, with an assessment of the extent of temporary and/or permanent loss of land. The study also contains a reclamation assessment in which the potential for the re-establishment of traditional plant and animal harvesting was determined using ecosite phases and habitat suitability indices for the closure landscape of the project. The baseline study includes summary information on historical and current traditional land use of the study area. A study of existing and approved development impacts includes a quantitative analysis of existing disturbances to RFMAs by listing type of disturbance and the number of hectares that disturbance occupies. Also provided is a linkage analysis, which highlights the key concerns of interviewed trappers and Heart Lake First Nation Elders, and then determines whether the linkage (or concern) is valid or invalid based on proposed project designs and operational plans. Valid linkages are then examined qualitatively, drawing on biophysical assessments for the project. Issues and concerns identified in the literature review and interviews are summarized for each community. Finally, changes to traditional land use are considered in the context of project-specific effects and cumulative effects.

Citation:
[Anonymous] (2007).  Traditional land use assessment. Abstract
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Traditional land use baseline for the Suncor South Tailings Pond Project


Year: 2003

Abstract:
The objectives of this baseline study related to the Suncor South Tailings Pond Application were to document historical and current land use, the concerns of land users, and to provide information to help minimize the impacts of the Project. For the local study area, this was accomplished through interviews in 2002 and 2003 with eight trapline holders directly affected by the project and a helicopter fly-over. Interviews used a standardized set of questions to elicit information on plant harvesting, fishing, hunting, trapping, cabins, trails, access routes, and issues and concerns. For the regional study area, information was obtained through historical reports written by or with Fort McKay First Nation, a review of Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation's involvement at hearing with the Alberta Energy and Utilities Board, and historical reports for the community of Fort Chipewyan. The results of the literature review for Fort McKay First Nation, Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation and the community of Fort Chipewyan are brief. The results of the trapper interviews are broken down by Registered Fur Management Area first and by potentially affected component, such as fishing or plant harvesting, second. The authors note in conclusion that most of the traditional knowledge and land use collected in association with the Suncor South Tailings Pond Project can be found in the environmental impact assessment.

Citation:
[Anonymous] (2003).  Traditional land use baseline for the Suncor South Tailings Pond Project . Abstract
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Traditional land use culturally significant ecosystems analysis: Jackpine Mine phase 1


Author(s): McKillop, J. A.

Year: 2003

Abstract:
Fort McKay First Nation requested a Culturally Significant Ecosystem analysis be conducted following the submission of the Environmental Impact Assessment for Shell Canada Limited's Jackpine Mine—Phase 1 development application. Fort McKay First Nation wanted to determine the effects of the proposed development not only on the area directly affected by development, but also on those areas of high value for renewable resource harvesting, cultural activities, and infrastructure within the broader traditional territory. The objectives of the report were to provide an analysis of the Regional Study Area, large game, and traditional plants for both the application and planned development. The impact of the application and the development on the Culturally Significant Ecosystem was not determined, as it was beyond the scope of the study. Fort McKay First Nation provided the baseline data used in the analysis. Maps from the 1994 traditional land use and occupancy study, "There is Still Survival Out There," originally scaled 1:15,000 to 1:100,000, were transferred to 1:250,000 mylar base maps to allow for the identification of resource use patterns. Data categories included trails and cabins, spiritual sites, graves and historical sites, furbearers, big game, fish, birds, berries, trees and plants. The material is divided into discussions of the intensity of land use within the confines of the application and the planned development areas, and the effects on both large game and traditional plant harvesting. The effects of the application and planned development on the Culturally Significant Ecosystem are summarised.

Citation:
McKillop, J. A. (2003).  Traditional land use culturally significant ecosystems analysis: Jackpine Mine phase 1. Abstract
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Traditional land use environmental setting report for Jackpine Mine phase 1


Year: 2002

Citation:
[Anonymous] (2002).  Traditional land use environmental setting report for Jackpine Mine phase 1.
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Traditional land use report: Deer Creek Joslyn SAGD Project


Year: 2005

Abstract:
The objectives of this study were to define the extent of the territory occupied and used; provide a historical perspective for current traditional land uses in the development area; record traditional land uses in development area; gain an understanding of current traditional land users' concerns with respect to the development; develop maps of traditional land use activities and sites; provide community perspectives on potential impacts from both previous and the proposed development. Traditional knowledge would also be collected for use in biophysical data and scientific studies. Information for this report was obtained at a group meeting consisting of 15 community members, interviews with two Elders, and a helicopter overflight with five community members. Discussions were semi-directed, but open to other topics deemed important. Interviews were conducted in the interviewee's language of choice. This traditional land use study contains information specific only to Phase II of the Jocelyn SAGD project. Because of ongoing negotiations between Fort McKay First Nation and Deer Creek Energy, no traditional land use sites are named or mapped in this report. Following a comprehensive discussion of the methodology used in the study, the report provides a detailed historical and cultural setting, including the fur trade era, the seasonal round, the Euro-Canadian presence, Treaty 8, resource development, and an introduction to Fort McKay First Nation. There is a brief discussion of Aboriginal Cultural Values, particularly the inseparable land-culture relationship. The section on baseline research outlines the major issues from previous traditional land use studies, both community and industry initiated. The following sections on the results of the current study summarizes the information gathered during meetings with the community, including the two Elder interviews, a point-form list of issues and concerns regarding the proposed development, and a point-form list of recommendations put forth by the community as mitigation measures. The report notes that appropriate levels of consultation, including regular meetings, the use of translators and plain language, and direct consultations with affected trappers, for example, would go a long way towards improving the relationship between the community and industry.

Citation:
[Anonymous] (2005).  Traditional land use report: Deer Creek Joslyn SAGD Project . Abstract
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Traditional land use report: Jackpine Mine expansion and Pierre River Mine environmental impact assessment


Year: 2010

Citation:
[Anonymous] (2010).  Traditional land use report: Jackpine Mine expansion and Pierre River Mine environmental impact assessment.
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Traditional Land Use Setting Report for the Suncor Voyageur Project


Year: 2005

Citation:
Golder Associates Ltd. (2005).  Traditional Land Use Setting Report for the Suncor Voyageur Project.
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Traditional land use setting report for the Suncor Voyageur Project


Author(s): Mucklow, L.

Year: 2005

Abstract:
Environmental setting reports such as this one are used as part of larger environmental impact assessments; in particular, the traditional land use setting report is intended to consider the potential effects of the project within study areas that have been defined for aquatic and terrestrial resource impact assessments. The information in this report extrapolates on data collected for Suncor's Project Millennium (1998) and South Tailings Pond (2003) projects. The aim of this setting report was two-fold: with regards to the regional study area (the total traditional territory of Fort McKay First Nation), the objective was to summarize the historical use of the regional study area by Fort McKay First Nation and document the historical use of other Aboriginal groups in overlapping areas; with regards to the local study area (the boundaries of four potentially affected Registered Fur Management Areas, numbers 2297, 2214, 587, and 2156), the objective was to document the historical and current land use of trappers and the effects of the project on that land use, as well as to collect traditional ecological knowledge regarding wildlife, fisheries, and traditional plants. According to the authors, traditional land use by Fort McKay First Nation was previously summarized in the Suncor South Tailings Pond application (2003) and more recent information was not available. Therefore, all traditional land use information for Fort McKay First Nation, Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation, and Mikisew Cree First Nation regarding the regional study area comes from a literature review of previous community and industry-initiated studies. This report presents a summary of issues and concerns, and a table of resource use, ranked in terms of high, medium, or low extent of usage, is compiled from previous reports. In contrast, seven trappers were interviewed for the data on the local Registered Fur Management Areas. For each of the four potentially affected Registered Fur Management Areas, information on the historical and current use; plant harvesting; fishing; hunting and trapping; cabins, trails, and access routes; burial and cultural/historical sites; and proposed future use is presented.

Citation:
Mucklow, L. (2005).  Traditional land use setting report for the Suncor Voyageur Project . Abstract
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Traditional land use setting report for the Suncor Voyageur South Project


Author(s): Goodjohn, M.

Year: 2007

Abstract:
This traditional land use setting report compliments and extends information collected for the Suncor Steepbank Mine Project, Millennium Project, South Tailings Project and the Voyageur project. Senior and, in some cases, junior trapline holders of RFMA #s 578, 2156, 1790, 2676 were interviewed for the report. Aboriginal participants include members of Fort McKay First Nation and Métis. The report focuses on historic and current traditional land use within the Voyageur South Project Area. Suncor also provided a week long camp-over program where traditionally used plant species were documented by members of Fort McKay First Nation. At the time that this Traditional Land Use Setting Report was released, the report for the camping trip was still being written by Fort McKay First Nation. Likewise, Mikisew Cree First Nation were still in the process of completing their traditional land use study at the time of writing.

Citation:
Goodjohn, M. (2007).  Traditional land use setting report for the Suncor Voyageur South Project . Abstract
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Traditional land use study and duty to consult open houses planned for spring 2009


Author(s): Gladue, K.

Year: 2009

Citation:
Gladue, K. (2009).  Traditional land use study and duty to consult open houses planned for spring 2009. 5 ( 3 ),  8 .
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Traditional land use study for Lakeland Pipeline Project


Author(s): AEC Pipelines Ltd.

Year: 1997

Abstract:
This objective of this traditional land use study was to provide information on the Fort McKay community in order to facilitate understanding of traditional land uses, to provide traditional land use information on a regional and site specific basis, and to provide traditional land use information to the oil and gas industry planning to develop in the region. This traditional land use study is brief. It gives a history of the Fort McKay Community, which includes two seasonal round maps—one pre-1960 and one post-1960. The traditional land use portion of the report provides a very brief overview of regional land use, including significant sites, fur-bearing animals, big game, fish, birds, plants, place names, and traplines; of what uses the community made of resources, such as traplines, animals, and plants, in the region; and of the consumption of traditional resources, such as animals, fish, birds, and plants, in the region. A section on the site-specific traditional land use follows. It too briefly discusses pre-project significant sites, fur-bearing animals, big game, fish, birds, berries, trees and plants, place names, and traplines in the project area, but does not discuss what the potential impact on these resources will be. The report concludes by noting that construction of the pipeline will be more disruptive than its operation. It also notes that "There should be concern for traditionally used flora along the cleared pipeline right-of-way, the effects of construction and operation of the pipeline on fish and wildlife habitat and the prevention of access for outsiders to access trapline areas." The authors of the report recommend that ongoing field reconnaissance and ground truthing be conducted with members of the community, and that consultations with community members be ongoing.

Citation:
AEC Pipelines Ltd. (1997).  Traditional land use study for Lakeland Pipeline Project . Abstract
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Traditional land use study for the Mobil Kearl Oil Sands Project


Year: 1999

Abstract:
The primary objectives of this study are to provide information on the Fort McKay Community in order to facilitate understanding of traditional land uses; to provide traditional land use information on a regional and site specific basis; and to provide traditional land use information to the oil and gas industries which are looking to develop their own projects in the region. This Traditional Land Use Study also provides information on the traditional lands and uses of the Treaty Indians of Cree and Chipewyan heritage, the Métis, and non-status Indians of the Community of Fort McKay. Both Suncor Energy and Syncrude Canada have embarked on major expansions to their current operations. These expansions include the Suncor Steepbank Mine and Fixed Plant Expansion, Syncrudes Aurora Oil Sands Mine, and Sensor's Project Millennium. In addition to Mobil Oil's Kearl Lake Oils Sands project, Shell, Petro Canada, Gulf, Koch and other oil sand lease holders in the Fort McKay traditional use area have all embarked on oil sands development projects which are in various states of preparations. This study includes the Fort McKay registered trapline area senior holders list. It also provides maps of the Fort McKay registered trapline area boundaries, the Fort McKay oil sand lease and registered trapline area boundaries, Kearl Lake area traditional resource use, as well as the minable oil sand leases.

Citation:
[Anonymous] (1999).  Traditional land use study for the Mobil Kearl Oil Sands Project . Abstract
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Traditional land use study for the Mobil Oil Kearl Lake Project


Year: 1998

Abstract:
The objective of this traditional land use study was to provide information, both regional and site specific, to the oil and gas industry regarding the area in which these companies plan to locate their operations. The authors of the study note that traditional land use studies cannot be considered complete when they only describe traditional activity; studies must also aim to relate the relationship between the people and the land. Furthermore, site specific information must be given within a larger regional context to understand the land uses of a community who utilize resources over a large area. This study provides a brief explanation of the history of the "bush" economy and its importance for the Fort McKay First Nation as well as a discussion of the impacts of ongoing commercial operations in the area ranging from logging to oil sand development. The study concludes that exploration and testing on the Mobil Oil Kearl Lake lease is already having a strong negative influence on certain members of the Fort McKay First Nation, especially those who continue to operate traplines in the project area. The ongoing changes to the land have also led to increased access which in turn has led to an increase in general disruption, noise, and vandalism.

Citation:
[Anonymous] (1998).  Traditional land use study for the Mobil Oil Kearl Lake Project . Abstract
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Traditional land use study Suncor Millennium Oil Sands Mining and Extraction Project


Year: 1998

Citation:
[Anonymous] (1998).  Traditional land use study Suncor Millennium Oil Sands Mining and Extraction Project .
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Traditional land use study: Petro-Canada Oil and Gas SAGD MacKay River Project


Year: 1997

Abstract:
This objective of this traditional land use study was to provide information on the Fort McKay community in order to facilitate understanding of traditional land uses, to provide traditional land use information on a regional and site specific basis, and to provide traditional land use information to the oil and gas industry planning to develop in the region. This traditional land use study is brief. It gives a history of the Fort McKay Community, which includes two seasonal round maps—one pre-1960 and one post-1960. The traditional land use portion of the report provides a very brief overview of regional land use, including significant sites, fur-bearing animals, big game, fish, birds, plants, place names, and traplines; of what uses the community made of resources, such as traplines, animals, and plants in the region; and of the consumption of traditional resources, such as animals, fish, birds, and plants in the region. A section on the site-specific traditional land use follows. It too briefly discusses pre-project significant sites, fur-bearing animals, big game, fish, birds, berries, trees and plants, and traplines in the project area, but does not discuss what the potential impact on these resources will be. The report concludes by noting that the construction and operation of the project will have a great impact on the study area. The authors of the report recommend that ongoing field reconnaissance and ground truthing be conducted with members of the community, and that consultations with community members be ongoing.

Citation:
[Anonymous] (1997).  Traditional land use study: Petro-Canada Oil and Gas SAGD MacKay River Project . Abstract
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Traditional land use: Petro-Canada amendment application - MacKay River expansion


Year: 2005

Abstract:
The objectives of this section of Petro-Canada's larger environmental impact assessment for the McKay River Expansion were to determine the extent of traditional land use of the local study area; to discuss the vegetation and wildlife used for nutritional and medicinal purposes, and the effects of the project; to identify the traditional land uses (fishing, hunting, plant harvesting) and cultural uses (cabin, spiritual, and grave sites); to determine both the project's and the cumulative impact of development on these uses; and finally, to identify possible mitigation strategies. Interviewees were chosen, with direction from Fort McKay Industry Relations Corporation, on the basis of traplines most likely to be affected by development of the lease area. Both registered owners of traplines, as well as knowledgeable family members that share those traplines were included. For confidentiality, numeric codes were assigned to the nine participants. Interviews were conducted in the interviewee's choice of language and recorded with permission. The interviews were semi-directed, but interviewees were encouraged to lead discussions into other matters of importance. Following a substantial discussion of the methodology used in the study, the traditional land use baseline results are presented. Baseline results include historical and cultural context, results of the literature review, detailed results of interviews with trapline holders, detailed descriptions of historical and current traditional land use sites, interview results regarding various components of traditional ecological knowledge (e.g. beavers, water quality, "yellow stuff"), and identified issues and concerns (e.g. access, non-Aboriginal land users, pollution). The next section discusses the project-specific impacts to the previously identified traditional land uses, including impacts to traditional land use site resources (e.g. salt lick, beavers) and impacts to traditional land users (e.g. pollution, compensation). This section also makes management and mitigation recommendations for a number of identified concerns (e.g. salt lick protection, beaver management).Finally, there is a very brief section on cumulative effects and possible mitigation measures. The report concludes by noting four impacts to the environment, four impacts to traditional land use patterns, and a general concern for community well-being as a result of the project. Mitigation measures are recommended to help reduce the magnitude of these impacts, as well as to provide the community with a measure of control over how these impacts are managed.

Citation:
[Anonymous] (2005).  Traditional land use: Petro-Canada amendment application - MacKay River expansion. Abstract
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Traditional medicine and primary health care among Canadian Aboriginal people


Author(s): Shestowsky, B.

Year: 1993

Abstract:
Describes the similarities and differences between: traditional aboriginal medicine and primary health care; the benefits for consumers, providers of care and the community; and the possibilities for co-existence and complementarity of traditional Aboriginal medicine and primary health care.

Citation:
Shestowsky, B. (1993).  Traditional medicine and primary health care among Canadian Aboriginal people. Abstract
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Traditional medicine plant use as taught by the elders of ACFN


Year: 2004

Citation:
[Anonymous] (2004).  Traditional medicine plant use as taught by the elders of ACFN.
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Traditional Metis: Agriculture and Harvest


Author(s): Islam, R. M.

Year: 2004

Citation:
Islam, R. M. (2004).  Traditional Metis: Agriculture and Harvest. 1 ( 5 ),  35 .
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Traditional Native philosophies relating to Aboriginal rights


Author(s): Lyons, O.

Year: 1985

Citation:
Lyons, O. (1985).  Traditional Native philosophies relating to Aboriginal rights. 19-23.
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Traditional practices in respect of the sustainable and environmentally sound self- development of Indigenous peoples


Author(s): Ibarra, M.

Year: 1992

Citation:
Ibarra, M. (1992).  Traditional practices in respect of the sustainable and environmentally sound self- development of Indigenous peoples.
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Traditional resource management strategies in the regional municipality of Wood Buffalo


Year: 2007

Abstract:
The objective of this study was to collect Aboriginal resource management strategies in the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo, with the end goal of contributing to SEWG's aims for recommending a management framework to address cumulative effects on ecosystems and landscapes in the region. For the study, a vast array of literature was reviewed, including traditional land use studies; impact assessment reports; cultural, historical, and ethnographic texts; and anthropological analyses of resource management strategies. Focus-group interviews, consisting of two to four participants each, were held with several communities in the fall of 2006. A guiding question, "How did people take care of the land?" was used to lead discussion, and participants were asked to think about how they and their ancestors had either taken care of in the past, or how they are currently taking care of, four particular aspects of the environment: the land, water, plants, and animals. The communities involved included Fort McKay First Nation, Métis Local 2020, Fort McMurray First Nation, Willow Lake Métis Local 780, Fort Chipewyan Métis Local 125, Chipewyan Prairie Dene First Nation, and Conklin Métis Local 193. Following an outline of the methodology used the results of the literature survey and interviews are presented, as well as the recommendations made by participants. Two extensive bibliographies make up the two appendices: the first is comprised of sources that provided "any details regarding the traditional resource management strategies of Aboriginal peoples living in the boreal forest" and the second of sources that were consulted but provided no relevant information on Aboriginal resource management. Some of the resource strategies identified in the literature include mobility, communication, respect and reciprocity, burning, and selective hunting and management of the harvest. Resource strategies identified in the interviews emerged from detailed traditional environmental knowledge on animal reproductive strategies, habitat, populations, forest ecology and ecological carrying capacity. Both the knowledge and the strategies are presented in the report.

Citation:
[Anonymous] (2007).  Traditional resource management strategies in the regional municipality of Wood Buffalo. Abstract
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Traditional resource management systems


Author(s): Gadgil, M., & Berkes F.

Year: 1991

Citation:
Gadgil, M., & Berkes F. (1991).  Traditional resource management systems.
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Traditional resource rights: International instruments for protection and compensation for Indigenous peoples and local communities


Author(s): Posey, D. A.

Year: 1994

Citation:
Posey, D. A. (1994).  Traditional resource rights: International instruments for protection and compensation for Indigenous peoples and local communities.
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Traditional resource use and traditional ecological knowledge


Author(s): Bosch, K.

Year: 2006

Abstract:
According to the authors of this study, its purpose is to provide historical and current traditional resource use information, which is based on traditional ecological knowledge, and the potential impacts thereto, for the project area and immediate surroundings. Such traditional resource use information was acquired through a literature review, open house surveys (completed by 18 Elders), interviews with three Elders and a junior trapper, field surveys, and a validation meeting with three community representatives. Furthermore, a traditional use plant capability analysis was carried to determine project impacts on traditional plants, but the results are discussed in section 12 of the same application. The bulk of the report discusses the results achieved with Fort McKay First Nation. Consultation with Fort McMurray Métis Local 1935 was also conducted, while consultation with Athabasca Chipewyan and Mikisew Cree First Nations were ongoing at time of writing. Results of the study include a presentation of current resource use (wildlife; fur-bearers; fish; plants; cabin and burial sites and other significant areas); historical, current, and future traditional land use (trapline use, camping areas, resources currently harvested); project-specific impacts to traditional resource use (access; plant; harvesting; hunting; fishing; trapping; cabin and burial sites and other significant areas); and a cumulative environmental assessment. A brief discussion of mitigation strategies are suggested, as well as the possibility of monitoring programs making use of traditional ecological knowledge.

Citation:
Bosch, K. (2006).  Traditional resource use and traditional ecological knowledge. Abstract
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Traditional resource use and traditional ecological knowledge: Application for the approval of the Devon Jackfish Project


Year: 2003

Abstract:
The traditional resource use and traditional ecological knowledge section of the Devon Jackfish Environmental Impact Assessment aimed to outline data pertaining to actual and potential issues for traditional resources in the local study area, note other relevant traditional ecological knowledge for the project locality and regional study area, and outline potential issues and recommended approaches for further evaluation or mitigation. This was accomplished through a variety of means, including a literature review (incorporating past environmental impact assessments and traditional land use and occupancy studies), interviews with Elders and community members, a review of topographic maps and air photo mosaic maps, and a valued ecosystem component workshop with key stakeholders and Elders. Seventeen interviews were video-recorded and conducted in the participant's language of choice (Chipewyan, Cree, or English), with the interview format following that outlined in Kituskeenow Cultural Land-Use and Occupancy Study. Devon and Nakewin Aboriginal Authority representatives were present at some interviews. Chipewyan Prairie First Nation representatives accompanied Elders to other interviews. Following a discussion of the study area and study methodology, this section of the report outlines existing conditions of the study area. This discussion includes traditional use sites as provided by NATA, summaries of the interviews, traditional plant use, traditional animal use, and residency and trapping. An impact assessment and review of possible mitigation measures, and a brief cumulative effects assessment is provided. According to this section, Devon planned to avoid certain traditional resource use sites, but for those sites that could not be avoided, compensation would be offered through revegetation methods, low-impact or reduced impact approaches to development, ongoing monitoring and discussion with community members. The report found that there would be no cumulative effects and impacts to traditional resource use and TEK resources from the project would be low.

Citation:
[Anonymous] (2003).  Traditional resource use and traditional ecological knowledge: Application for the approval of the Devon Jackfish Project . Abstract
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Traditional resource use and traditional ecological knowledge: Jackfish 2 environmental impact assessment


Year: 2006

Abstract:
The traditional resource use and traditional ecological knowledge section of the Devon Jackfish 2 Environmental Impact Assessment is very similar to the same section of the environmental impact assessment for Devon's Jackfish Project in 2003. Like the previous study, this one aimed to outline data pertaining to actual and potential issues for traditional resources in the local study area, note other relevant traditional ecological knowledge for the project locality and regional study area, and outline potential issues and recommended approaches for further evaluation or mitigation. Because this section was based on a previous study, the majority of sources cited are identical with the previous study. This new traditional resource use and traditional ecological knowledge study incorporates the results from consultation that took place in 2004, 16 new traditional ecological knowledge interviews, including this time members of Fort McMurray First Nation, a meeting with Heart Lake First Nation, and information gathered during the new environmental impact assessment. As with the previous study, interviews were video-recorded and conducted in the participant's language of choice (Chipewyan, Cree, English, or a combination). Previous traditional ecological knowledge and traditional resource use research and baseline materials were reviewed, and interviewees were asked to sketch trails, camp areas, burials, and key landmarks on maps of the project area. This section follows the same format as the previous Jackfish report: first a discussion of the study area and study methodology, an outline of existing conditions of the study area (including traditional use sites as provided by NATA, summaries of the interviews, traditional plant use, traditional animal use, and residency and trapping). The traditional resource use and traditional ecological knowledge for the Jackfish 2 project, however, contain much more detailed information on traditional plants, including assessments of plant species capability (mean species richness and frequency). An impact assessment and review of possible mitigation measures, and a brief cumulative effects assessment are also provided. The report found that there would be no cumulative effects and impacts to traditional resource use and traditional ecological knowledge resources from the project would be low. Nonetheless, Devon's mitigation strategies include supporting traditional ways and values through potential sponsorship of traditional resource use and traditional ecological knowledge camps, training on traditional values and respect for the land, participating in the Cumulative Environmental Management Association, and maintaining ongoing communication with communities.

Citation:
[Anonymous] (2006).  Traditional resource use and traditional ecological knowledge: Jackfish 2 environmental impact assessment. Abstract
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Traditional resources use in Fort McKay and neighbouring communities archival sampling program


Year: 1998

Abstract:
This report was prepared to determine the contribution that historical research among the voluminous records of the Hudson's Bay Company Archives in Winnipeg could make to a study of traditional resources use in the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo. The working hypothesis was that as fur trading dominated natural resources use throughout the study area since 1783, the meticulous records kept by the Hudson's Bay Company relating to fur harvests and food provisioning might shed considerable light on evolving patterns of resources consumption and land use during more than a century and a half. Sampling was done in the records of fur trading posts located throughout the study area in the period 1783 to approximately 1930. In all, 493 linear centimetres of records were sampled. The research focused on Account Books, Reports and Districts, and Post Journals, in that order. Although many other types of records are available for many posts, they were judged to be of minimal importance to determining the nature of the trade. The sampling revealed that the records of Fort Chipewyan are of significant value in terms of documenting traditional resource use within the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo. This is largely because Fort Chipewyan functioned as the administrative and trade centre of the regional study area since 1783. While incomplete, its records nonetheless permit defensible analysis of changing natural resource harvesting and use patterns over more than a 150-year period. Of less value are those of Fort McKay and Fort McMurray, which form a subset of the Fort Chipewyan data.

Citation:
[Anonymous] (1998).  Traditional resources use in Fort McKay and neighbouring communities archival sampling program. Abstract
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Traditional use and traditional ecological knowledge: Long Lake south


Author(s): Wondrasek, R.

Year: 2006

Abstract:
This section of the larger Long Lake South Environmental Impact Assessment is very brief as consultations with First Nations were ongoing at time of release. It is predominantly comprised of a report on baseline conditions, gathered from field surveys of the regional and local study areas, initial meetings with Aboriginal communities, and a limited literature review. The report on baseline conditions note that three categories of issues were raised: plant and animal harvesting areas, traplines, and habitation sites (including trapline cabins). Three hunting sites and six historic sites associated with traditional ecological knowledge were identified. The report notes that none of the sites were within in the project footprint and therefore no impact to the sites was expected.

Citation:
Wondrasek, R. (2006).  Traditional use and traditional ecological knowledge: Long Lake south. Abstract
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Traditional use site recording guide


Year: 1996

Abstract:
This document explains the information to be recorded on the Site Inventory Form for the Traditional Use Sites Database. This database is an inventory program designed to assist with the collection of First Nation' cultural heritage information to a uniform standard. For the purpose of this inventory process the term Traditional Use site means any geographically designed area that has been customarily used by one or more contemporary groups of aboriginal people for some type of culturally significant activity. These sites may not reveal physical evidence of use. Traditional use sites are usually documented through oral, historical, and archival sources. Examples of traditional use sites include spiritual bathing pools, resource gathering areas, locations of culturally significant events etc. Development of the traditional use sites database recording standards and methodology was initiated by the Heritage Conservation Branch of the BC Ministry of Small Business, Tourism and Culture as part of a pilot project called the Cultural Heritage Resources Information System. A number of consulting anthropologists, university departments, provincial governments branches, individual First Nation, and the First Nation Inventory Committee of the BC Summit all made important contributions during the design of this program In August of 1995, responsibility for the data base component of this project was assumed by the Archaeology Branch. Subsequently, a number of revisions have been made to the original documentation in order to integrate with the development of a provincial heritage register pursuant to Section 3 of the Heritage Conservation Act.

Citation:
[Anonymous] (1996).  Traditional use site recording guide. (British Columbia. Archaeology Branch., Resources Inventory Committee (Canada). Culture Task Force., Ed.). Abstract
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Traditional use study program guidelines


Year: 1996

Abstract:
In addition to the section on submitting proposals to the BC government for traditional land use study funding, this guidebook contains samples, such as information sharing agreements and site forms, that although dated, may be useful to the traditional environmental knowledge researcher. There is also a section that explains the information to be recorded on Site Information Forms and Traditional Use Sites Databases

Citation:
[Anonymous] (1996).  Traditional use study program guidelines. Abstract
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Trail of story, traveller's path: Reflections on ethnoecology and landscape


Author(s): Johnson, L. M.

Year: 2010

Abstract:
Examining meanings of landscape, this book maintains that the ways people understand and act upon land have wide implications, shaping cultures and ways of life, determining identity and polity, and creating and maintaining environmental relationships and economies.

Citation:
Johnson, L. M. (2010).  Trail of story, traveller's path: Reflections on ethnoecology and landscape. Abstract
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Treaty Nations' environmental assessment manual for Projects on Indian lands


Year: 1995

Citation:
[Anonymous] (1995).  Treaty Nations' environmental assessment manual for Projects on Indian lands.
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Treaty research report: Treaty eight


Author(s): Madill, D. F. K.

Year: 1982

Abstract:
This report attempts to provide an historical appreciation of Treaty Eight by offering a background to the Treaty and why it was considered necessary, the Treaty terms and conditions, and analysis of the Treaty implications, including native perception s of the Treaty and the federal government's participation in fulfilling its treat obligations. In the last part of the report is an attempt to summarise the significance of Treaty Eight.

Citation:
Madill, D. F. K. (1982).  Treaty research report: Treaty eight. Abstract
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Treaty rights impacted downstream of tar sands


Year: Submitted

Citation:
Parkland Institute (Submitted).  Treaty rights impacted downstream of tar sands.
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Tribal sovereignty and the control of knowledge


Author(s): Pinel, S. L., & Evans M. J.

Year: 1994

Citation:
Pinel, S. L., & Evans M. J. (1994).  Tribal sovereignty and the control of knowledge.
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Troublesome Waters


Author(s): Von der Porten, S.

Year: 2008

Abstract:
The article reports on water and environmental contamination in Fort Chipewyan, Alberta. Because of the high rate of bile-duct cancer among residents, thee local First Nations organized the Keepers of the Water Conference in August 2008. During the conference, Chief Alan Adam asserted that the economic booms is destroying their way of life. It is noted that oil sands have been affecting their health.

Citation:
Von der Porten, S. (2008).  Troublesome Waters. 7 ( 2 ),  40 . Abstract
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Two Chipewyan girls with cat, Fort Smith area, Northwest Territories, (NWT)


Year: Submitted

Citation:
[Anonymous] (Submitted).  Two Chipewyan girls with cat, Fort Smith area, Northwest Territories, (NWT).
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Two Chipewyan girls, Northwest Territories (NWT)


Author(s): Dawson, C. W.

Year: 1910

Citation:
Dawson, C. W. (1910).  Two Chipewyan girls, Northwest Territories (NWT).
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Two Paths One Direction: Parks Canada and Aboriginal Peoples Working Together


Author(s): Langdon, S., Prosper R., & Gagnon N.

Year: 2010

Abstract:
Canada's unique legal and constitutional relationship with Aboriginal peoples has been set out and defined by the Royal Proclamation 1763, the Constitution Act 1982, various statutes, and court decisions. Because of this unique relationship, Parks Canada considers Aboriginal peoples as partners and works closely with a wide variety of Aboriginal Groups in all regions of the country. However, that has not always been the case.

Citation:
Langdon, S., Prosper R., & Gagnon N. (2010).  Two Paths One Direction: Parks Canada and Aboriginal Peoples Working Together. Abstract
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Understanding and communicating about ecological change: Den?lin?ndicators of ecosystem health


Author(s): Parlee, B., Manseau M., & Dene First Nation

Year: 2005

Citation:
Parlee, B., Manseau M., & Dene First Nation (2005).  Understanding and communicating about ecological change: Den?lin?ndicators of ecosystem health.
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Understanding traditional use studies: Aboriginal traditions and knowledge


Year: 2009

Citation:
Heritage Community Foundation (2009).  Understanding traditional use studies: Aboriginal traditions and knowledge.
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Understanding traditional use studies: Aboriginal traditions and knowledge. Bibliography


Year: 2009

Citation:
Heritage Community Foundation (2009).  Understanding traditional use studies: Aboriginal traditions and knowledge. Bibliography.
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Understanding traditional use studies: Aboriginal traditions and knowledge. People of the boreal forest photo gallery.


Year: 2009

Abstract:
This gallery of photographs taken by Terry Garvin over a period of 50 years is a dynamic part of the People of the Boreal Forest Website, which is part of the Alberta Online Encyclopedia. The site was developed as an Aboriginal Centennial project by the Heritage Community Foundation in partnership with Terry Garvin and the Aseniwuche Winewak First Nation. Funding support was provided by Alberta Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development (now Alberta Aboriginal Relations).

Citation:
Heritage Community Foundation (2009).  Understanding traditional use studies: Aboriginal traditions and knowledge. People of the boreal forest photo gallery.. Abstract
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Understanding trails


Year: 2005

Citation:
[Anonymous] (2005).  Understanding trails.
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Use of traditional ecological knowledge in environmental assessment of uranium mining in Saskatchewan


Author(s): Wiles, A., McEwen J., & Sadar H. M.

Year: 1999

Abstract:
Use of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) is now a requirement of many environmental review panels. It was in the remit for investigation into uranium mining in northern Saskatchewan, but there was a mismatch between the narrow, often technical treatment of TEK and the broader, more cultural comments of the Dene Aboriginal intervenors. It is essential to recognize when a development proposal's planning needs and social issues exceed the scope of environmental assessment (EA). TEK can relate to EA on three levels; detailed information from local people on the environment and wildlife; gaining insight in to socio-cultural effects of a project; and changes to a landscape or a people's relationship with it that may threaten deep identification with their environment. The last may not be a part of an ordinary EA.

Citation:
Wiles, A., McEwen J., & Sadar H. M. (1999).  Use of traditional ecological knowledge in environmental assessment of uranium mining in Saskatchewan. 17 ( 2 ),  107-114 . Abstract
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Use of traditional ecological knowledge in environmental assessment of uranium mining in the Athabasca Saskatchewan


Author(s): Wiles, A., McEwen J., & Sadar H. M.

Year: 1999

Abstract:
Use of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) is now a requirement of many environmental review panels. It was in the remit for the investigation into uranium mining in northern Saskatchewan, but there was a mismatch between the narrow, often technical, treatment of TEK and the broader, more cultural comments of the Dene Aboriginal intervenors. It is essential to recognize when a development proposal's planning needs and social issues exceed the scope of environmental assessment (EA). TEK can relate to EA on three levels: detailed information from localpeople on the environment and wildlife; gaining insight in to socio-cultural effects of a project; and changes to a landscape or a people's relationship with it that may threaten their deep identification with their environment. The last may not be a part of an ordinary EA.

Citation:
Wiles, A., McEwen J., & Sadar H. M. (1999).  Use of traditional ecological knowledge in environmental assessment of uranium mining in the Athabasca Saskatchewan. 17(2), 107-114. Abstract
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Use of traditional environmental knowledge (TEK) in natural resource management plans within North America, with emphasis on Canada, and options for incorporating TEK into CEMA's work


Year: 2003

Abstract:
The authors of this report were engaged to provide the recent history of the incorporation of Traditional Environmental Knowledge into natural resource management plans, case studies exemplifying strategies for incorporation, and recommendations to CEMA on how best to incorporate TEK into their own natural resource management plans. Specific questions that the authors set out to address in the report, through research and consultation with Aboriginals and members of CEMA, included: How does TEK compare to Western Science? When, where, and why did TEK begin to be used in natural resource management plans in Canada? What laws or policies encourage or compel the use of TEK in natural resource management plans in Alberta specifically and in Canada more generally? What methods exist to monitor the appropriate use of TEK in natural resource management plans? What are "Sharing Agreements"? and, How has TEK been incorporated into natural resource management plans in Canada and North America? Each of these questions is answered and supplemented with additional relevant information in turn in the body of the report. Chapter 3, "The Treatment of TEK in Law and Policy," for example, first examines TEK in the context of international law by explaining the relationship between domestic law and international law; the importance of international declarations, international treaties and conventions; and by exemplifying specific international policies like the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Migratory Birds Convention. A lengthy discussion and analysis of TEK in the context of the Canadian constitution and the Treaty to which many Aboriginals in the region are signatory, Treaty 8, follows. The chapter also surveys the extent to which Canadian statutes acknowledge the importance of TEK, and finally, it analyzes federal and provincial government policy statements regarding the use of TEK, including a variety of departmental consultation guidelines.The report authors conclude by acknowledging the significant challenge facing CEMA in successfully incorporating TEK into natural resource management plans. They note that "Despite all the recent attention and rhetoric, [Traditional Environmental Knowledge, Traditional Knowledge, and Indigenous Knowledge] have arguably made very little impact on environmental resource management. Even though the integration of TEK … continues to be one of the key considerations around which cooperative management processes and regimes are constructed, Aboriginal peoples remain frustrated by the lack of their meaningful involvement, and the failure to meaningfully incorporate their knowledge and values…." The authors recommend CEMA follow the model of the two-row wampum, in order to emphasize equality and mutual respect, as the best method for successfully integrating TEK into their own natural resource management plans. The option is discussed in some detail and contextualized with other options that are not recommended by the authors.

Citation:
[Anonymous] (2003).  Use of traditional environmental knowledge (TEK) in natural resource management plans within North America, with emphasis on Canada, and options for incorporating TEK into CEMA's work. Abstract
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Usefulness of traditional knowledge: Myth or reality?


Author(s): Berkes, F., & Henley T.

Year: 1997

Citation:
Berkes, F., & Henley T. (1997).  Usefulness of traditional knowledge: Myth or reality?. 55-56.
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Using qualitative scenarios to understand regional environmental change in the Canadian North


Author(s): Wesche, S. D., & Armitage D. R.

Year: 2014

Abstract:
This paper discusses the application of qualitative scenarios to understand community vulnerability and adaptation responses, based on a case study in the Slave River Delta region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. Three qualitative, graphic scenarios of possible alternative futures were developed, focusing on two main drivers: climate change and resource development. These were used as a focal point for discussions with a cross-section of residents from the community during focus groups, interviews and a community workshop. Significant overlap among the areas of perceived vulnerability is evident among scenarios, particularly in relation to traditional land use. However, each scenario also offers insights about specific challenges facing community members. Climate change was perceived to engender mostly negative livelihood impacts, whereas resource development was expected to trigger a mix of positive and negative impacts, both of which may be more dramatic than in the “climate change only” scenario. The scenarios were also used to identify adaptation options specific to individual drivers of change, as well as more universally applicable options. Identified adaptation options were generally aligned with five sectors—environment and natural resources, economy, community management and development, infrastructure and services, and information and training—which effectively offer a first step towards prioritization of “no regrets” measures. From an empirical perspective, while the scenarios highlighted the need for bottom-up measures, they also elucidated discussion about local agency in adaptation and enabled the examination of multi-dimensional impacts on different community sub-groups. An incongruity emerged between the suite of technically oriented adaptation options and more socially and behaviourally oriented barriers to implementation. Methodologically, the qualitative scenarios were flexible, socially inclusive and consistent with the Indigenous worldview; allowed the incorporation of different knowledge systems; addressed future community vulnerability and adaptation; and led to the identification of socially feasible and bottom-up adaptation outcomes. Despite some caveats regarding resource requirements for participatory scenario development, qualitative scenarios offer a versatile tool to address a range of vulnerability and adaptation issues in the context of other Indigenous communities.

Citation:
Wesche, S. D., & Armitage D. R. (2014).  Using qualitative scenarios to understand regional environmental change in the Canadian North. Regional Environmental Change. 14(3), 1095 - 1108. Abstract
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Using traditional ecological knowledge in science: Methods and applications


Author(s): Huntington, H. P.

Year: 2000

Abstract:
Advocates of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) have promoted its use in scientific research, impact assessment, and ecological understanding. While several examples illustrate the utility of applying TEK in these contexts, wider application of TEK-derived information remains elusive. In part, this is due to continued inertia in favor of established scientific practices and the need to describe TEK in Western scientific terms. In part, it is also due to the difficulty of accessing TEK, which is rarely written down and must in most cases be documented as a project on its own prior to its incorporation into another scientific undertaking. This formidable practical obstacle is exacerbated by the need to use social science methods to gather biological data, so that TEK research and application becomes a multidisciplinary undertaking. By examining case studies involving bowhead whales, beluga whales, and herring, this paper describes some of the benefits of using TEK in scientific and management contexts. It also reviews some of the methods that are available to do so, including semi-directive interviews, questionnaires, facilitated workshops, and collaborative field projects.Read More: http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/1051-0761%282000%29010%5B1270%3AUTEKIS%5D2.0.CO%3B2?journalCode=ecap

Citation:
Huntington, H. P. (2000).  Using traditional ecological knowledge in science: Methods and applications. 10, 1270-1274. Abstract
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