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Oil Sands Environmental Management Bibliography

The Cumulative Environmental Management Association (CEMA)partnered with the Oil Sands Research and Information Network (OSRIN) to create the new Oil Sands Environmental Management Bibliography, which includes documents relevant to the environmental management of oil sands development in Alberta. The majority of the documents focus on the mineable oil sands in the Athabasca deposit, though some documents relate to in-situ developments. This bibliography was last updated in November 2014.

The relationships among CYP1A induction toxicity and eye pathology in early life stages of fish exposed to oil sands

Year of Publication: 2007

Abstract:
Exposure of the early life stages of fish to oil sands constituents is associated with mortality and larval malformations such as edemas, hemorrhages, and skeletal, craniofacial, and eye defects. In fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) larvae, indices of total eye pathology increased significantly following oil sands exposure. Structural, cytoplasmic, inflammatory, and degenerative eye alterations included poor retinal differentiation, microphthalmia, optic fissures, dysphasic retinas and lenses, inflammatory infiltrates, retinal epithelial lifting, and necrotic foci. Cytochrome P-4501A (CYP1A) was expressed in ocular (retina, lens) and kidney endothelial tissues, as indicated by immunohistochemistry. Although the kinetics of exposure-response curves for mortality and CYP1A expression were similar in both species, species differences in the magnitude and sensitivity of the responses were observed. Oil sands were twofold more toxic to fathead minnows (TPAH LC50 = 47-330 microg/g) than to white sucker (TPAH LC50 = 95-860 microg/g) larvae. For both species, larval mortality was significantly related to CYP1A protein concentrations in kidneys, and severity of these effects rose with oil sands exposure. The relationships among eye damage, mortality, and CYP1A indices warrants further investigation, and may lead to the use of CYP1A induction as an indicator of adverse effects rather than just contaminant exposure.

The role and effectiveness of wetlands for mitigation of oil sands impacted waters

Year of Publication: 2009

Abstract:
This research evaluates the potential for biodegradation and associated reduction in aquatic toxicity of process affected waters using flow-through laboratory wetland microcosms, and identified changes in naphthenic acids over a period of 52 weeks.

The role of technology in oil sands development

Authors Newell, E. P.
Year of Publication: 1991

Abstract:
Good morning ladies and gentlemen. In reading through the CIM/AOSTRA conference material, in preparation for my presentation today, I was struck by how relevant so many of the topics are to what's current happening in the oilsands industry. Even the theme of the conference itself "Our Energy Future" - is eerily close to the vision statement my company drafted last year - to help secure Canada's energy future. And my topic for today - "The Role of Technology in Oilsands Development" will reveal much of the work that we are currently undertaking at Canada's largest oilsands operation. Stephen Leacock, a Canadian humourist and economist once said that "the true distinction between humanity and the rest of the animal kingdom is that man is the animal that uses oil." And we use a lot of it. In Canada, as in the rest of the world, demand for oil is continuing to rise, while reserves of conventional crude are declining. What that means, in my opinion, is that from 1995 onward, the synthetic crude oil we produce from the oilsands will become more and more critical to Canada's economy and energy security. Now, I know that there are some who do not share that opinion, nor do they believe that securing Canada's energy future is a goal worth striving for. And perhaps in an ideal world, where we are not dependent upon oil but have a wide range of energy sources to draw from, and national boundaries and world politics ensure the flow of resources to those countries when and where they need it - in that kind of world secure domestic energy supply would not be important. But until we achieve the ideal, I believe that securing Canada's energy future is a critical goal for Canada, and one way of realizing it is to continue to develop the oilsands. In 1990, Syncrude Canada Ltd. produced a record 57 million barrels of oil, which represents over 10 percent of Canada's total oil requirements. and in February of 1991 we reached another milestone 500 million barrels produced in a 12-year period. Although that volume of oil has been produced before - for example, from the Pembina and Redwater oil fields - it took over twice as long to do it. The oilsands also represent the largest single source of oil in the nation. Inplace reserves in the Athabasca Region, mineable with today's technology, stand at almost 200 billion barrels, and estimates of in-situ reserves go beyond 1000 billion. Whether we continue to develop the oilsands is, in my mind, dependent upon three things: industry performance; political vision; and pushing the limits of what technology can accomplish. Government can also playa critical role in the policy area. With the long lead times required for successful oil sands development, developers need to be confident that the ground rules won't change midstream. For example, if halfway through building an oil sands plant, the government changed and so did the policies that supported that development - the result could be financial catastrophe.

The role of the forest soil propagule bank in assisted natural recovery after oil sands mining

Year of Publication: 2010

Abstract:
This study was undertaken to determine if use of stratified organic layers of intact litter, fragmented litter, and humus on the forest floor (LFH) improves establishment of upland native boreal plant species during oil sands reclamation in Alberta, Canada. The abundance and composition of vascular plant species in the soil propagule bank were determined for LFH and peat materials before salvage from donor sites and 18 months after application on the receiver site. Applications of 10 and 20 cm were evaluated. Various soil properties were assessed to determine impacts of donor materials. In the growth chamber, LFH donor material had significantly more plant species emerge (37) from the propagule bank than did peat donor material (19). In the field, LFH treatments had significantly higher species richness (49, 47, 24, and 25 species for LFH 10 cm, LFH 20 cm, peat 10 cm, and peat 20 cm treatments, respectively), plant abundance, and soil nutrients than peat treatments. Application thickness of peat had little effect, but 20 cm of LFH was more beneficial for plant community establishment than 10 cm. LFH treatments had narrower C:N ratios and higher soluble potassium and available phosphorus than peat. Applying 10 versus 20 cm of donor material increased admixing of fine-textured subsoil, reducing organic carbon, nitrogen, and potassium; these effects were greater for LFH than peat treatments. Thus, addition of LFH aids in creating diverse ecosystems on reclaimed upland landscapes by providing a source of propagules for revegetating upland boreal forest communities and improving nutrient availability for plants.

The role of ultra fine particles in oil sands fine tailings reduction

Authors Muszalski, P.
Year of Publication: 1995

Abstract:
Fine tailings exhibit extremely poor dewatering characteristics. The research presented here deals with two closely related projects. The first project concentrated on finding an efficient treatment method for already existing fine tailings. The second project was to evaluate process modifications aimed at fine tailings reduction and to develop an understanding of the effect of electrolyte in the process water of the characteristics of fine tailings. The behavior of ultrafines separated from fine tailings was further investigated. A $\sp2$H NMR technique was applied to determine the gelation rates for ultrafines at different electrolyte concentrations. The gelation concentration was determined using ultrafines suspensions diluted with salt solutions. Results indicate, that while gelation time varies from minutes to weeks, the gelation concentration is always about 3-4 wt%, even at an extremely high salt concentrations further floc densification (dewatering) is impossible. Although adequate floc densification could not be achieved using chemical treatment, dewatering was increased markedly using freeze-thaw (a physical method). To evaluate process modifications, samples of different process streams produced during comparison pilot plant runs performed at Syncrude Canada Ltd. were investigated. The aggregation state and distribution of ultrafines were determined in all stream samples. In conjunction with the characteristics of parent oil sand ores, results prove that the settling rate was different only up to the point where the gelation onset concentration of the ultrafines fraction was reached, regardless of the ionic composition of water. Modifications to the extraction process resulted only in marginal differences in the characteristics of the discharge streams. The final volume of fine tailings depends on the ultrafine content in the oil sand ore, and not on the type and concentration of the electrolyte in th process water. Although modified extraction processes resulted in faster settling, the modification produced "dirtier" (containing more clay) secondary froths, thus bringing about other process problems.

The significance of tax incentives in attracting foreign investment: Lessons from the Canadian oil sands project

Authors Febriana, R.
Year of Publication: 2011

Abstract:
Tax incentives have been used by countries to stimulate foreign investment. Few countries doubt the effectiveness of tax incentives. Canada and Indonesia are among the many countries that offer tax incentives to attract investors. While Canada has a long history of using tax incentives to foster the development of the Alberta oil sands, Indonesia is just embarking on this strategy, especially in promoting foreign investment in remote areas. Drawing on the Canadian development of the Alberta oil sands, this thesis asks what lessons Indonesia can learn from that experience in relying on tax incentives to develop the industry. This thesis acknowledges that there are many important differences between Canada and Indonesia. Since most countries speak of using tax incentive to finance their petroleum industries, it is worth examining at least one instance of that strategy and see whether Indonesia can extract any thing of value from this examination. This thesis concludes that tax incentives have been largely insignificant in attracting foreign investors to the development of the Canadian oil sands. Tax incentives occurred as compensation to offset the extra cost involved in commencing oil sands projects. The Canadian case suggested that the Indonesian government should not rely on tax incentives only in promoting its petroleum industry.

The splitting of P&NG and oil sands rights: An historical perspective

Authors Coombs, F. D.
Year of Publication: 1997

Abstract:
Changes in the Mines and Minerals Act of Alberta are described to illustrate the evolution of the priorities and thinking over time that led to the present administration of oil sands and natural gas as separate minerals. Natural gas was first excluded from the definition of bituminous sands in 1955. The definition of bituminous sands was changed in 1957 to include natural gas once again. In a further change in 1978, both petroleum and natural gas were excluded from the definition of oil sands. More changes followed in 1984, when petroleum was added back into the definition, leaving natural gas as the only mineral excluded from the definition of oil sands. The 1984 change was triggered by changes in the Oil Sands Conservation Act. It is the current definition, which includes 'sands and other rock materials containing crude bitumen, and any other mineral substances, other than natural gas, in association with that crude bitumen'. It was a resource conservation issue in the past, and it is a conservation issue today, although much influenced by changes in technology and increased knowledge and understanding of the relevant factors.

The state of existing empirical data and scientific knowledge on habitat-species relationships for wildlife that occupy aquatic habitats with a focus on the boreal region of Alberta

Authors Eaton, B., & Fisher J. T.
Year of Publication: 2011

Abstract:
This report examines recent reclamation efforts in aquatic habitats relevant to the Alberta mineable oil sands region, and relationships between habitat variables and species of interest in the region. This was accomplished through assessment of literature and datasets for wetland design, attributes of naturally-occurring wetlands (e.g. size, depth, etc.), and species-habitat associations for a set of indicator species for the mineable oil sands region. In addition, proof-of-concept empirical habitat modelling was conducted for one species to demonstrate the utility of this approach for design of reclaimed habitats. The quality and quantity of both literature and datasets were extremely variable. Data on species-habitat associations collected in a statistically-rigorous manner were relatively sparse, though enough exist to initiate data-based empirical models for many indicator species considered in this report. Sufficient literature exists to inform expert-based Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) models for the remainder. Data on existing wetlands in the mineable oil sands region was also variable, though basic information can be obtained for many types of habitat in the region. Unfortunately, these data are sometimes only in paper form in reports. However, it should be possible to build a dataset that would provide guidance on naturally-occurring wetlands in a boreal context relevant to the mineable oil sands region. There are also numerous papers on different types of wetland reclamation, though relatively few of them are from Alberta. However, it should be possible to extract the relevant lessons from this body of work and apply it to the Alberta oil sands context. Development of a guidance document for design of wildlife habitat for aquatic reclamation is the next step in the overall project.

The status of biodiversity in the Alberta-Pacific Industries' Forest Management Agreement Area: Preliminary assessment 2009

Authors
Year of Publication: 2009

Abstract:
This report is a summary of the status of biodiversity in the Alberta-Pacific Forest Industries Inc (Al-Pac) Forest Management Agreement (FMA) area. It examines how the current condition of biodiversity and human footprint changed in the Al-Pac Forest Management Agreement (Al-Pac FMA) area between 1999 and 2012. It also spotlights the recovery of 15 year old structural retention harvest areas.This new study represents the ABMI’s first-ever update on the status of biodiversity for an administrative unit; a preliminary assessment of the Al-Pac FMA area was completed in 2009.

The status of biodiversity in the oil sands region of Alberta

Authors
Year of Publication: 2014

Abstract:
The Oil Sands Region (OSR) of Alberta consists of three provincially recognized oil sands administrative units called oil sands areas—the Athabasca, Peace River, and Cold Lake Oil Sands Areas. In this busy landscape where agriculture, forestry, along with energy extraction, are important land-use activities, managing the cumulative effects of these activities is challenge. In this report we describe the status of species, habitat, and human footprint in the OSR, circa 2014.

The status of birds and vascular plants in Alberta's Lower Athabasca Planning Region 2009: Preliminary assessment

Authors
Year of Publication: 2009

Abstract:
ABMI data are important tools for evaluating the sustainability of resource development in Alberta. In the ABMI'S inaugural report, we report on the status of human footprint, birds and vascular plants in the Lower Athabasca Region—one of seven land-use planning regions in the province.

The status of landbirds in Alberta's boreal plains ecozone. Preliminary assessment 2012

Authors
Year of Publication: 2012

Abstract:
A brief review is given of the history of the Great Canadian Oil Sands (G.CØS.) project to recover 45,000 bpd of synthetic crude oil from the Athabasca Tar Sands by open pit mining, hot water extraction, coking, and hydrorefining. This paper then discusses the startup and initial operation of the G.CØS. plant. Emphasis is directed toward actual vs. design performance and a general discussion of operating problems. Included in the technical discussion are geological and mechanical problems encountered in mining tar sand, performance of the hot water extraction process, coking of Athabasca bitumen, hydrorefining of coker distillate produced from bitumen, and properties of the finished synthetic crude oil.

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