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Oil Sands Environmental Management Bibliography

The Cumulative Environmental Management Association (CEMA)partnered with the Oil Sands Research and Information Network (OSRIN) to create the new Oil Sands Environmental Management Bibliography, which includes documents relevant to the environmental management of oil sands development in Alberta. The majority of the documents focus on the mineable oil sands in the Athabasca deposit, though some documents relate to in-situ developments. This bibliography was last updated in November 2014.

Initial vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal development of slender wheatgrass on two amended mine spoils

Year of Publication: 1982

Abstract:
The initial vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal development of slender wheatgrass on extracted oil-sands and subalpine coal-mine spoils, amended with either fertilizer, peat, or liquid sewage sludge, was examined. Plants were sampled at 2 , 6 , and 10weeks after plant emergence and the level of infection was expressed as length of mycorrhizal root per plant and length of root which contained arbuscules, vesicles, or only hyphae. Mycorrhizal infection of slender wheatgrass on the oil sands was limited to plants on the peat-amended spoil. Infection of plants on the peat-amended oil-sands spoil was detected by 2 weeks. Plants on the subalpine spoil were infected at 2 weeks only on the peat-amended spoil. While slender wheatgrass on the control and fertilizer-amended spoil developed mycorrhizae by 6 weeks, infection was not observed in plants on the sewage-amended spoil until 10 weeks. At 10 weeks, there were no significant differences in lengths of mycorrhizal root per plant among the amendments. Increased P levels in the fertilizer- and sewage-amended subalpine spoil did not suppress VA mycorrhizal development.

Initiation and early development of boreal peatlands

Authors Bloise, R. E.
Year of Publication: 2007

Abstract:
Thirty-two boreal wetland sites in northeastern Alberta, Canada, were sampled in order to assess the mechanisms of initiation and early development for different boreal wetland types. From each site, a 50 cm soil core was taken at the peat/mineral soil interface. Each core was separated at the peat/mineral interface, and both the peat half and the mineral soil half were sliced contiguously into 1 cm samples. The peat soil samples were analyzed for: pH, reduced electrical conductivity, bulk density, ash-free bulk density, percent organic matter, water content, and macrofossil content. The mineral soil samples were analyzed for: pH, reduced electrical conductivity, base cation concentration (Na, Mg, Ca, K), bulk density, percent organic matter, water content, and soil texture type. Results were used to help guide reclamation efforts on Alberta oil sands mine sites. Implications for the oil sands industry include: Marshes do not seem to develop into peat-forming wetlands. The reclamation efforts must set up conditions that are conducive to peatland formation.

Innovative environmental scenario analysis and management tools in Canada's oil sands region: Landscape Ecological Assessment and Planning (LEAP)

Year of Publication: 2012

Abstract:
The Canadian oil sands industry is using collaboration to drive innovation and address challenges in oil sands development. An early innovator and leader of successful collaboration is the Oil Sands Leadership Initiative (OSLI). OSLI is a network of oil sands companies including ConocoPhillips Canada, Shell Canada, Statoil Canada, Suncor Energy Inc., Nexen Inc., and Total E&P Canada. Collectively, these companies are using technology to develop ways to better identify and address environmental values by building scenario analysis processes and tools that can measure management decision outcomes over time. This paper will review one of these processes, developed for the Athabasca Region of the Canadian Oil Sands, called Landscape Ecological Assessment and Planning (LEAP). LEAP is a four part process involving; (1) the establishment of ecological objectives for the future landscape, (2) modeling and projecting ecosystem change, (3) on-the-ground restoration project implementation and (4) a rigorous monitoring program to measure ecological objectives. The outcome of this process is a full-scale assessment of optimal scenarios that relate current management decisions to future landscape level ecological outcomes. OSLI has initiated the LEAP project across 56,915 ha of boreal forest in Alberta, Canada, where the restoration of linear disturbances is the focus for improving late seral stage conditions and habitat quality for multiple wildlife species. This paper provides a case study for demonstrating the validity of the LEAP process as a socially and scientifically defensible approach to land stewardship. Innovative Environmental Scenario Analysis and Management Tools in Canada's Oil Sands Region: Landscape Ecological Assessment and Planning (LEAP).

Inorganic water chemistry of saline fens in northeastern Alberta (NTS 74D)

Year of Publication: 2011

Abstract:
As part of the Alberta Geological Survey’s ongoing springs project, staff took field measurements and sampled several fens that occur about 10 km south-southeast of Fort McMurray and about 3 km east of Highway 63. Field measurements of pH, temperature and electrical conductivity were made and samples were taken for laboratory determination of major, minor and trace elements, extractable silica and silicon, and 87Sr/86Sr. The purpose of this report is to make available to government, industry and the public the results of the data collected.

Insects on the Suncor dike: A survey of the types present and an evaluation of their effects on dike vegetation

Year of Publication: 1980

Abstract:
An insect survey of the Suncor dike showed that these animals were abundant. Representatives of 50 insect families were collected in sweep net samples, and additional families were observed to be present. Grasshoppers belonging to at least five different species were collected, as were herbivorous cicadellid and cercopid bugs, chloropid flies, and other herbivorous insects. The biomass ratio of carnivorous arthropods/potential prey insects (95% herbivores) in sweep samples was 0.11, indicating a heavy balance of herbivorous insects. Insect attacks were considered to be tolerable on most deciduous trees, but were more severe on conifer trees. Water stress appeared to be the greatest tree mortality factor.

Insitu extraction

Authors McCartney, B.
Year of Publication: 1975

Instream flow needs screening study - Delta region lower Athabasca River literature review and TEK collection final report

Authors
Year of Publication: 2007

Abstract:
In September 2006, Dillon Consulting Limited (Dillon) was retained by CEMA s Instream Flow Needs Task Group (IFNTG) to conduct a literature review and collect Traditional Environmental Knowledge (TEK) on fish use, presence and movement in the Peace-Athabasca Delta (PAD). This report summarizes the information assembled through the literature review and TEK collection. The main objectives of this study were to: 1) Summarize existing data providing necessary information on fish presence, use, or movement within the Delta region; 2) Collect TEK on fish presence, use and movement in the Delta region from Aboriginal groups located within or near to the study area; 3) Compile this information in GIS format; and 4) Summarize this information in a report to be provided to CEMA along with the GIS database.

Integrated mine planning for the Fort Hills Oil Sands project

Year of Publication: 2001

Abstract:
The proposed Fort Hills Oil Sands Project is located 90 kilometres north of Fort McMurray, Alberta, in the Athabasca Oil Sands region and comprises Oil Sands Leases 5, 8, and 52 (Figure 1). TrueNorth Energy L.P. is the operator and majority interest owner of the project. In May of 1998, TrueNorth Energy acquired a 78 percent interest in Oil Sands Leases 5 and 52. UTS Energy Corporation, TrueNorth Energy's partner in the project, holds the remaining 22 percent. In December 2000, Oil Sands Lease 8 was acquired, bringing the total area of the Fort Hills Oil Sands Project to approximately 18,700 hectares. The mineable oil sands in the project area are found in the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) McMurray Formation of the Mannville Group. The McMurray Formation has been informally subdivided in the project area into a lower fluvial member, a middle estuarine member and an upper marginal marine member. All three members contain mineable oil sands, and are further subdivided into distinct facies associations for the purpose of improving resource delineation and characterization Drill programs of ever-increasing size and scope have followed review of previous leaseholders' data. This has resulted in a 3D geological block-model being developed using a very large database of core, borehole geophysical logs and core analyses data (Table 1). Assessment and modeling of data from over 400 drillholes within the project area has resulted in the delineation of approximately 2.4 billion barrels of surface mineable reserves. Over 400 additional core holes are currently being assessed and integrated into the geological model. Characteristics of the ore, which are critical to mining and ore processing, are also managed within the geological model to facilitate mine planning. The 3D block-model enables the mining engineers and planners to discriminate between ore and waste material more effectively, and thus predict volumes of material to be mined. The geological model also facilitates associated efforts, such as geotechnical, hydrological, hydrogeological, environmental, reclamation and ore process planning.

Integrated solid phase aqueous phase and numerical investigation of plume geochemistry at an oil sand mining facility

Year of Publication: 2006

Abstract:
A plume of process-affected groundwater was identified in a shallow sand aquifer adjacent to a tailings impoundment at Syncrude Canada Ltd. Quantitative and qualitative Naphthenic Acid (NA) analyses were performed on groundwater samples to investigate NA fate and transport properties in the subsurface. Analysis of dissolved organic and inorganic components was undertaken to identify, quantify and assess the mobility of other dissolved components of environmental significance. NAs at concentrations up to 87 mg L-1 were found to represent the major contributor to aquatic toxicity. Attenuation of NAs by biodegradation is not observed based on screening techniques developed to date. Retardation of NAs observed at the field scale, is consistent with weak sorption observed in the laboratory by other authors. Concentrations of NH4+ approached 4 mg L- 1 in the plume, however mobility is limited by cation exchange. Aromatics and trace metals are present in low quantities (i.e. <10 μg L-1) and are only detected in groundwater immediately adjacent to the toe of the tailings impoundment. Cl and Na are found at concentrations of up 282 and 579 mg L-1 respectively. Dissolved oxygen is typically < 1 mg L-1 within the plume, while redox indicators Mn(II), Fe(II) and CH4 are detected between <0.1 - 2.6, 0.2 - 3.5 and <0.1 - 2.1 mg L-1 respectively within the plume. Solid phase geochemistry, determined through solid phase extractions, was coupled with aqueous geochemistry and reactive transport modeling to identify the dominant geochemical processes occurring within the plume. Based on scenarios evaluated using reactive transport modeling, the most likely origin for the presently observed, weakly reducing conditions in the plume appears to be the presence of a small amount of dissolved, degradable organic carbon. The dominant terminal electron acceptors appear to be Fe(III) and Mn(III/IV) in the plume core and O2(aq) at the plume fringe. Dissolved Fe and Mn are observed to enter the domain at the upgradient boundary at maximal concentrations of 4.2 and 0.7 mg L-1 respectively. Trace metal geochemistry of the aquifer material was also assessed using solid phase extractions. The potential for trace metal release via reductive dissolution of the native geologic material is considered minimal in this case, based on the weakly reducing nature of the plume and a lack of excessive trace metal content in the aquifer material.

Integration of reclamation and tailings management in oil sands surface mine planning

Year of Publication: 2014

Abstract:
The processing of oil sands generates large volumes of slurry, known as tailings, that is impounded in tailings ponds. Oil sands operators are committed to develop reclamation plans to ensure that the mine site is restored to a natural or economically usable landscape. Since most of the material that is needed for capping of the tailings pond is produced in mining operation, it is reasonable to include material requirement for reclamation as part of mine planning. In this paper, an integrated long-term mine planning model is proposed that includes tailings capacity and reclamation material requirements. A mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed to test the performance of the proposed model. The MILP model is coded in Matlab®. It is verified by carrying out a case study on an actual oil sands dataset, and has resulted in an integer solution within a 2% gap to the optimality. The resulted production schedule meets the capacity constraint of the tailings facility and guarantees the production of the required reclamation material.

Inter-annual variations in water yield to lakes in northeastern Alberta: Implications for estimating critical loads of acidity

Year of Publication: 2010

Abstract:
Stable isotopes of water were applied to estimate water yield to fifty lakes in northeastern Alberta as part of an acid sensitivity study underway since 2002 in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR). Herein, we apply site-specific water yields for each lake to calculate critical loads of acidity using water chemistry data and a steady-state water chemistry model. The main goal of this research was to improve site-specific critical load estimates and to understand the sensitivity to hydrologic variability across a Boreal Plains region under significant oil sands development pressure. Overall, catchment water yields were found to vary significantly over the seven year monitoring period, with distinct variations among lakes and between different regions, overprinted by inter-annual climate-driven shifts. Analysis of critical load estimates based on site-specific water yields suggests that caution must be applied to establish hydrologic conditions and define extremes at specific sites in order to protect more sensitive ecosystems. In general, lakes with low (high) water yield tended to be more (less) acid sensitive but were typically less (more) affected by interannual hydrological variations. While it has been customary to use long-term water yields to define a static critical load for lakes, we find that spatial and temporal variability in water yield may limit effectiveness of this type of assessment in areas of the Boreal Plain characterized by heterogeneous runoff and without a long-term lake-gauging network. Implications for predicting acidification risk are discussed for the AOSR.

Interaction of microbial sulphate reduction and methanogenesis in oil sands tailings ponds

Year of Publication: 2014

Abstract:
Anaerobic turnover of organic compounds in oil sands tailings ponds is accomplished by a complex microbial consortium. We examined major electron accepting processes in mature fine tailings (MFT). Beside methanogenesis and sulphate reduction, microbial iron reduction was an important process of anaerobic respiration. Microbial numbers and activity were comparable to those reported for natural lakes. To understand metabolic interactions of indigenous methanogenic and sulphate-reducing communities, we conducted a 6 month microcosm experiment with MFT supplemented with easily available carbon sources and molybdate and/or 2-bromoethane sulphonate (BES) as specific inhibitors for sulphate reduction and methanogenesis. Methanogenesis increased when microcosms were supplemented with extra carbon, but was completely inhibited by the addition of BES. Molybdate not only inhibited sulphate reduction, but also methanogenesis, indicating a positive relation between the two processes. The turnover of extra carbon sources differed between microcosms treated with molybdate and BES. Acetate and propionate were not consumed in microcosms amended with molybdate, indicating that sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were responsible for their metabolisation, and that methane was rather produced by hydrogenotrophic methanogens. In microcosms without molybdate, acetate transiently accumulated, indicating the activity of both incomplete and complete oxidizing SRB. Ethanol and lactate were also consumed in the simultaneous presence of BES and molybdate, demonstrating the occurrence of other anaerobic processes. Biomass increased by the addition of extra carbon, mainly due to a relative increase in the proportion of SRB. The addition of extra carbon lowered the degradation of BTEX compounds.

Interim compilation of 1976 suspended sediment data for the AOSERP study area

Year of Publication: 1979

Abstract:
This compilation report contains all the available 1976 suspended sediment concentration and particle size data collected in the Alberta Oil Sands Environmental Research Program study area.

Interim compilation of 1977 suspended sediment data for the AOSERP study area

Authors Warner, L. A.
Year of Publication: 1979

Abstract:
This compilation report contains all the available 1977 suspended sediment concentration and particle size data collected in the Alberta Oil Sands Environmental Research Program study area.

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