The oil sands have become a significant source of secure energy supply and a major economic driver for Canada. As production in the oil sands expands so too has the concern about the effects of development on communities water, land, and air. This paper aims to provide a basis for an informed discussion about the oil sands by examining the current challenges facing development and by reviewing the central issues, both positive and negative facing the industry. This paper isn't meant to provide an exhaustive list of all potential impacts associated with oil sands development or document the oil sands regulatory regime.