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Oil Sands Environmental Management Bibliography

The Cumulative Environmental Management Association (CEMA)partnered with the Oil Sands Research and Information Network (OSRIN) to create the new Oil Sands Environmental Management Bibliography, which includes documents relevant to the environmental management of oil sands development in Alberta. The majority of the documents focus on the mineable oil sands in the Athabasca deposit, though some documents relate to in-situ developments. This bibliography was last updated in November 2014.

Canada's Oil Sands Innovation Alliance: Delivering environmental performance

Authors Babak, A. J.
Year of Publication: 2014

Abstract:
Canada’s Oil Sands Innovation Alliance (COSIA) is an alliance of oil sands producers focused on accelerating the pace of improvement in environmental performance in Canada's oil sands through collaborative action and innovation. Through COSIA, participating companies are committed to 1) collaborate and innovate to accelerate improvement in environmental performance 2) provide environmental leadership and accountability 3) collaborate with governments and other stakeholders to execute a regional environmental monitoring program 4) accelerate the pace and scope of environmental innovation 5) allocate multi-year human and financial resources, and initiate, participate in, or lead projects within COSIA’s mandate 6) contribute equitably to achieve goals 7) develop regional environmental performance goals, and report on progress towards goal attainment against established baselines. In brief, the member companies capture, develop and share the most innovative approaches and best thinking to improve environmental performance in the oil sands, focusing on four Environmental Priority Areas (EPAs) - tailings, water, land and greenhouse gases. To date, COSIA member companies have shared 446 distinct technologies and innovations that cost over $700 Million to develop. These numbers are increasing as the alliance matures and expands. Through this sharing of innovation and application of new technologies, members can accelerate the pace of environmental performance improvements. COSIA takes innovation and environmental performance in the oil sands to the next level through a continued focus on collaboration and transparent exchange.

Canada's oil sands: Creating U.S. jobs and business opportunities

Authors
Year of Publication: 2011

Abstract:
Canada's oil sands help supply America's energy needs and creates jobs. Research indicates that hundreds of thousands of American jobs will be created as a result of new oil sands developmentover th next 25 years and that over 1000 American companies are already supplying and benefiting from oil sands development. This pocket book is designed to share the success stories of real American companies connected to the oil sands and the opportunities and benefits Canada's oil sands offer to all of North America.

Canada's oil sands: Strategic decisions to make Canada an energy superpower

Authors Kim, J. Y.
Year of Publication: 2010

Abstract:
Systems methodologies are employed to investigate strategic decision problems regarding the development of the oil sands in Canada. Many countries believe energy to be one of their most important national security factors in today‟s competitive global era. Canada is no exception. Energy is an issue in Canadians‟ growing concerns related to the conflicting priorities of its economy, environment, and society. Various studies have tried to map out Canada‟s establishment as an energy superpower. In particular, the massive resources in Canada must be considered as competitive advantages, and oil sands (tar sands) constitute one of the most crucial elements in terms of non- renewable energy. This thesis describes Canada‟s oil sands – their characteristics, cost and market analysis, as well as social, economic, and environmental impacts – in order to clarify conflicts that have arisen in recent years. In addition, the importance, potential, and constraints of the oil sands are examined as leading drivers to the country becoming an energy superpower and are compared with the Canadian Academy of Engineering (CAE)‟s studies and recommendations. Multiple-criteria decision analyses based on the ProGrid methodology are carried out at different levels to clarify the structure and current position of Canada‟s energy system. An Evaluation Matrix, including multiple criteria, is built, and language ladders with different weights are established to allow various groups of experts to evaluate available options. Based on their evaluations, the strong and weak points of the oil sands are analyzed. At a more detailed level, alternative solutions for water quantity and quality problems in Canada‟s oil sands are prioritized with respect to specific criteria, using the ProGrid methodology. The strategic issues in Canada‟s oil sands are addressed at different levels, and priorities for decision-making are determined and discussed to guide Canada in becoming an energy superpower.

Canada's toxic tar sands: The most destructive project on earth

Authors Hatch, C., & Price M.
Year of Publication: 2008

Abstract:
Few Canadians know that Canada is home to one of the world’s largest dams and it is built to hold toxic waste from just one Tar Sands operation. Everything about the Tar Sands happens on a massive scale. The enormous toxics problems go hand-in-hand with massive global warming pollution and the impending destruction of a boreal forest the size of Florida. Because of sheer scale, all Canadians are impacted by the Tar Sands, no matter where they live. If you live downstream, your water is being polluted and your fish and wildlife may be dangerous to eat. If you live in Saskatchewan you are a victim of acid rain. If you live in BC, “supertankers” may soon be plying your shoreline carrying Tar Sands oil to Asia. If you live in Ontario, you are exposed to harmful emissions from the refining of Tar Sands Oil. And the impacts do not stop at Canada’s border – US refineries are re-tooling to handle the dirty oil from Alberta. Moreover, no matter where you live in Canada, your desire to tackle global warming is being held hostage to the Tar Sands. Instead of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, Canada is quickly increasing them, and fully half of that emissions growth is projected to come from the Tar Sands.1 Because Canada’s elected officials refuse to clamp down on Tar Sands operators, they also refuse to clamp down on industry across Canada for fear of a double standard. And it is just beginning. Approvals have already been given that will double the size of existing operations, and our leaders have been talking with the US government to grow the Tar Sands five-fold in a “short time span.”2 The Tar Sands are now the biggest capital project anywhere on Earth and the biggest energy undertaking anywhere. Already, Canada is the largest foreign supplier of US oil. With the Tar Sands, Canada has become the world’s dirty energy superpower. In the service of growing the Tar Sands, the Canadian government gives tax breaks to the worst polluters; it fails to enforce its own environmental laws; and it is even engaging in cover-up when people blow the whistle on how the Tar Sands have harmed our health and our environment. It doesn’t need to be this way. Technologies are available to curb the damage, yet the Canadian government so far refuses to force industry to clean up. As Parliament’s Natural Resources Committee recently stated: A business as usual approach to the development of the oil sands is not sustainable. The time has come to begin the transition towards a clean energy future.3 All Canadians should join the chorus of leading figures such as Peter Lougheed, the former Premier of Alberta, in calling for a moratorium on new projects and a clean up of the Tar Sands. Premier Lougheed, originally instrumental in scaling up the Tar Sands, now says: ...it is just a moonscape. It is wrong in my judgment, a major wrong... So it is a major, major federal and provincial issue.”

Canadian and American Indians: An overview of approaches to research

Authors Walsh, V.
Year of Publication: 1978

Abstract:
The purpose of this report is to briefly summarize the findings of a review of the literature relating to the personal and social adjustment of native peoples. The focus has been particularly on approaches to conceptualization and methodology rather than study results or conclusions. While there has recently been a plethora of material written about the American Indian, a large number of studies are general and speculative in nature rather than research oriented. It has been the procedure in this study to review only studies utilizing some method of data collection which is explicitly described. (A small number of non-empirical studies have been included in the bibliography because they must be considered as classics.)

Canadian oil sands: How innovation and advanced technologies can support sustainable development

Year of Publication: 2010

Abstract:
An increase in greenhouse gas emissions, coupled with elevated environmental awareness, has triggered the necessity of focusing on effective management of the Canadian oil sands. From Kyoto to Copenhagen, Canada's industry practices have been criticized. The deployment of sustainable production technologies is crucial for the survival of Canada's oil sands industry. Current literature is dominated by science and engineering scholars, yet a major problem appears to be a lack of full understanding of the multiple dimensions of the oil sands projects and the many players involved in innovation of sustainable technologies. A focused attempt to understand the development and commercialization process, with a view towards developing guidelines for individuals and institutions in managing innovation, would therefore be a useful contribution to the oil sands literature. This article proposes such an approach. The framework developed in this article is applied to a case study, with specific attention paid to identifying facilitating and inhibiting factors.

Capillary HPLC/QTOF-MS for characterizing complex naphthenic acid mixtures and their microbial transformation

Year of Publication: 2006

Abstract:
A rapidly expanding oil sands industry in Canada produces and indefinitely stores large volumes of toxic aqueous tailings containing high concentrations of naphthenic acids (NAs), a complex mixture of naturally occurring aliphatic or alicyclic carboxylic acids. Although there is an acknowledged need to reduce the environmental risks posed by NAs, little is understood about their environmental fate due to a lack of appropriate analytical methods. A dilute-and-shoot reversed-phase capillary HPLC/QTOF-MS method was developed that combines high specificity and sensitivity, quantitative capabilities, the ability to detect novel transformation products, and new structural information within each NA isomer class. HPLC separated NAs, based on carbon number, degree of cyclization, and the extent of alkyl branching, and in so doing increased analytical sensitivity up to 350-fold while providing additional specificity compared to infusion techniques. For tailings water, an interlaboratory study revealed many differences in isomer class profiles compared to an established GC/MS method, much of which was attributed to the misclassification of oxidized NAs (i.e., NA + O) by low-resolution GC/MS. HPLC/QTOF-MS enabled the detection of oxidized products in the same chromatographic run, and Van Krevelen diagrams were adapted to visualize the complex data. A marked decrease of retention times was evident in Syncrude tailings water compared to a commercial mixture, suggesting that tailings water is dominated by highly persistent alkyl-substituted isomers. A biodegradation study revealed that tailings water microorganisms preferentially deplete the least alkyl-substituted fraction and may be responsible for the NA profile in aged tailings water.

Caragana arborescens Lam. for afforestation of oil sands reclamation sites: A review

Year of Publication: 1982

Abstract:
The Alberta Forest Service has questioned the use of Caragana arborescens Lam. (common names: caragana, Siberian peatree and Siberian peashrub; the common name caragana will be used throughout this report) as a high-portion species for afforestation of reclaimed areas associated with oil sands surface mines. Concern was expressed because caragana is not indigenous to North America and it is suspected that it may become aggressive and displace other planted native trees and shrubs (Bondy, 1982). Oil sands mining company officials indicated that caragana has a high survival rate and does well under the harsh conditions present on oil sands reclamation sites (Anderson, 1982). As a result of the concern expressed by the\" Alberta Forest Service, a review of the positive and negative contributions of caragana\" to oil sands reclamation sites was requested (Bondy, 1982). This review will focus on answering the following questions: - Where is caragana native? - What is the natural habitat of caragana? - What are the growth habits of this plant? - What environmental conditions does caragana prefer? - How does it interact with other plant species? - How might it contribute to an anthropogenic forest ecosystem? - How will wildlife make use of caragana? - What are other possible uses of caragana? Recommendations will be made based on the answers to the above questions. The answers will, it is hoped, assist government agencies and the oil sands mining companies in developing specific guidelines for use of caragana.

Carbon and sulfur cycling by microbial communities in a gypsum-treated oil sands tailings pond

Year of Publication: 2011

Abstract:
Oil sands tailings ponds receive and store the solid and liquid waste from bitumen extraction and are managed to promote solids densification and water recycling. The ponds are highly stratified due to increasing solids content as a function of depth but can be impacted by tailings addition and removal and by convection due to microbial gas production. We characterized the microbial communities in relation to microbial activities as a function of depth in an active tailings pond routinely treated with gypsum (CaSO(4)·2H(2)O) to accelerate densification. Pyrosequencing of 16S rDNA gene sequences indicated that the aerobic surface layer, where the highest level of sulfate (6 mM) but no sulfide was detected, had a very different community profile than the rest of the pond. Deeper anaerobic layers were dominated by syntrophs (Pelotomaculum, Syntrophus, and Smithella spp.), sulfate- and sulfur-reducing bacteria (SRB, Desulfocapsa and Desulfurivibrio spp.), acetate- and H(2)-using methanogens, and a variety of other anaerobes that have been implicated in hydrocarbon utilization or iron and sulfur cycling. The SRB were most abundant from 10 to 14 mbs, bracketing the zone where the sulfate reduction rate was highest. Similarly, the most abundant methanogens and syntrophs identified as a function of depth closely mirrored the fluctuating methanogenesis rates. Methanogenesis was inhibited in laboratory incubations by nearly 50% when sulfate was supplied at pond-level concentrations suggesting that in situ sulfate reduction can substantially minimize methane emissions. Based on our data, we hypothesize that the emission of sulfide due to SRB activity in the gypsum treated pond is also limited due to its high solubility and oxidation in surface waters.

Carbon capture and sequestration the technology that will allow canada to develop the Alberta oil sands and meet it Kyoto targets?

Authors Bang, N. C.
Year of Publication: 2008

Abstract:
Human induced global climate change resulting from the increased release of greenhouse gas emissions represents one of the most pressing environmental concerns facing our generation. To help combat this, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate was ratified by 189 members and it laid the groundwork for the Kyoto Protocol which called on countries to agree to voluntary emission reductions based on 1990 levels. Canada was among those countries that ratified the Kyoto Protocol and it agreed to a 6% reduction, a commitment which called on Canada to lower annual average emissions below 563Mt for the 2008-2012 period. However, since this time Canada’s emissions have steadily increased with the most recently published numbers revealing 2005 annual emissions of 747M. While meeting its Kyoto commitments during the 2008-2012 period now seems highly unlikely, simply meeting these targets at all within the next decade will require Canada to make emission reductions of over 184Mt. Within Canada, the largest single contributor to the recent growth in these emissions is the extensive oil sands operations taking part in the province of Alberta. Due to the poor quality of the oil significant amounts of energy and water are required to produce the final synthetic crude oil, and as a result large amounts of GHGs and other pollutants are released. Despite the environmental drawbacks, the economic and political pressure to develop a resource thought to have reserves over 173 billion barrels of oil has been enormous, and thus massive development has taken place. Given these competing interests, the question therefore becomes: How can the Alberta oil sands be developed while at the same time allowing Canada to meet its Kyoto commitments? An important principle that was taken into consideration when answering this question was that of ‘polluter pays’, that is, if an industry pollutes in the pursuit of profit it should be responsible for this pollution, and therefore any solution should be based primarily on private sector investment. Via literature review and the interviewing of experts within the fields of Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) and Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), it was determined that the establishment of a large-scale CCS network in Western Canada represents the most cost-effective option for reaching Canada’s emission targets. While such a network would be costly to build, these costs could largely be borne by private sector companies involved in EOR, particularly if government legislation provided these EOR developers with a favourable royalty regime and a stable and comprehensive regulatory framework with respect to domestic GHG emissions.

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