The provincial debate about water management and water rights, including water allocation and proposed water transfers, proceeds without regard for Aboriginal territorial rights, including to water. Nevertheless, Aboriginal peoples continue to struggle for the recognition and protection of their rights, and the ability to exercise these rights, many of whom are closely tied to waters and rely upon a continuing supply of clean water. The development of oil sands in the Lower Athabasca River region provides the background for this analysis of how Alberta deals with Aboriginal peoples' concerns with respect to water in the resource development process. We examine various water management planning initiatives, the approval process for oil sands development, and the monitoring of the impacts of industrial development on water resources. We assess whether the provincial government is acknowledging and protecting Aboriginal rights to, and uses, of water, and whether it is adequately consulting the affected communities. Our conclusion is that Alberta largely fails to properly discharge its constitutional obligations to Aboriginal peoples. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]