Parlee and Manseau, in this article, present the results of two Traditional Ecological Knowledge studies conducted between 1997 and 2000 with the Dene First Nation, as well as a caribou movement study carried out in the same area in 2001. The authors describe "how theDen?lin?raditionally dealt with variability in the fall migration of the caribou by organizing to observe and communicate about movements at key water crossings in the caribou's vast fall and winter range," and believe that their techniques could usefully be applied to present-day natural resource management. While the current focus on finding monitoring indicators based on Traditional Knowledge, such as monitoring the fat content of caribou, is technically relevant, there is a danger for "misuse and misinterpretation" of indicators that have been isolated from their original social, cultural, and ecological context. Parlee and Manseau assert that reference to Traditional Knowledge in monitoring can go beyond simple indicators to strategies of organization and observation, a more "integrative and holistic perspective on the parameters affecting population health," and strategies for dealing with variability.