This manuscript is focused on an accurate portrayal of the differing government and Indian interpretations of Treaties 6, 7, and 8 in Alberta, with special attention given to the First Nation understanding. However, the main message regarding the vital importance of these conflicting Treaty interpretations has implications beyond Alberta, because these same elements appear to be present in all the First Nation treaties after 1870.The purpose of these essays and interviews with Elders is to produce a greater mutual understanding on the part of both leaders of government and the First Nation people. The author believes that greater mutual understanding does allow the potential for governments to respond with a more sympathetic, enlightened public policy regarding the treaties, and for First Nation leaders to be more flexible in their dealings with governments.