This dissertation examines past, present, and future land use of Swan River First Nation whose reserves are on the south central shore of Lesser Slave Lake, Alberta, Canada. In this dissertation the theoretical perspective of Indigenous archaeology is utilized as is an interdisciplinary approach whereby western science and traditional knowledge as well as social science and natural science are used. This dissertation presents how and where Swan River First Nation exercised their Treaty Rights to hunt, fish, trap, and gather in the past and documents baseline conditions regarding current infringements to Swan River First Nation's ability to practise these rights. It discusses the present context and issues associated with Aboriginal consultation in Alberta with regards to both infringements to Treaty Rights and archaeology. It also applies Swan River First Nation traditional knowledge to subarctic ethnoarchaeology. Finally, it creates a Treaty Rights based land use plan to ensure that Swan River First Nation can practise their rights into the future as well as a methodology for modeling high archaeological potential based on traditional land use and vegetation communities to be used in future archaeological research.