The proposed Keystone XL pipeline connecting Alberta oil sands to U.S. Gulf Coast refineries would raise future oil sands production, according to a Near Zero survey of 26 oil sands professionals and researchers. Nearly 70% of participants thought approval of the pipeline would raise oil sands production over the next 10 to 20 years, with an average increase of 220,000 barrels per day (b/d) by 2015 and over 900,000 b/d by 2035. This would raise annual greenhouse gas emissions between >1 to 40 million metric tons (Mt) CO2-equivalent by 2035 if the increase in oil sands displaced heavy crudes, and up to 183 Mt CO2-eq if the increase added to net world oil supply. The survey was evenly split by those who supported approval of the pipeline, and those who opposed it.