Chapter 5 of the book "Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK): Concepts and Cases" is presented. This chapter explores TEK as alternative collective wisdom relevant to various issues at a time when doubt is cast upon existing norms, values and laws. It provides an overview of the three fundamental roots of Western European legal tradition, namely divine law, natural law and positive law, in relation to indigenous peoples and their rights to lands, resources an autonomy. It also tackles two proposals for consideration and implementation of TEK.