Considerable reserves of oil sands are located in northern Alberta. Exploitation of these reserves has been instrumental in the development of the Alberta economy. Mining and processing tech- niques, including “in situ” processing and surface mining/aqueous treatment, are presented. Oil assisted flotation and solvent extraction are discussed as possible future processing alternatives. Subsequent froth treatment and refining methods are described. The rapid expansion of bitumen processing in the Fort McMurray area has drastically affected Alberta’s economic, political and so- cial policy. Corresponding strain has been placed on the regional ecosystem. A comparison be- tween wind and bitumen as sources of energy is offered.