We begin this paper by exploring the shift now occurringin the science that provides the theoretical basis for resource management practice. The concepts of traditional ecological knowledgeand traditional management systems are presented next to providethe background for an examination of resilient landscapes thatemerge through the work and play of humans. These examples oftraditional ecological knowledge and traditional management systemssuggest that it is important to focus on managing ecological processes, instead of products, and to use integrated ecosystem management. Traditional knowledge is often discussed by resource management agencies as a source of information to be incorporated intomanagement practice; in this paper we go further and explore traditional knowledge as an arena of dialogue between resource managersand harvesters. To enter into this dialogue will require mutual respect among managers and users for each others?knowledge andpractice. Such a dialogue could move forest management paradigmsbeyond our current view of ?imber or parks?and toward one of trulyintegrated use