<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lima Neto, Iran E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhu, David D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rajaratnam, Nallamuthu, Yu, Tong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spafford, Mark</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McEachern, Preston</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dissolved oxygen downstream of an effluent outfall in an ice-covered river : natural and artifical aeration</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Environmental Engineering </style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1051-1060</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">en</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> In ice-covered rivers, dissolved oxygen (DO) might fall below critical levels for aquatic biota in the absence of surface aeration, combined with low winter flow conditions and reduced photosynthesis rates. Open-water zones, however, can be created downstream of a diffuser by warm effluent discharges, resulting in an increase in surface aeration. In this study, we modeled the behavior of the effluent plume and the resulting open-water lead development in the Athabasca River, Alberta, Canada downstream of a pulp mill diffuser. The DO was found to increase by 0.26 mg ∕ L due to surface aeration of an open-water lead of 6.07 km . We also evaluated oxygen injection into the effluent pipeline to increase the DO in the river. At an injection rate of 3,500 and 5,000 lb ∕ day of liquid oxygen, the DO was increased by 0.16 and 0.21 mg ∕ L , which corresponded to an absorption efficiency of about 50%. The artificial aeration technique evaluated here appears to be an effective alternative to increase DO levels in ice-covered rivers. The results of this study are important in developing accurate DO models for ice-covered rivers and in evaluating oxygen injection systems.  Read less </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrology</style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Athabasca River</style></custom2><custom3><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5711435452</style></custom3><custom4><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science</style></custom4></record></records></xml>