@article {54258,
	title = {Water use in Canada{\textquoteright}s oil-sands industry: The facts},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2013},
	month = {01/2013},
	pages = {10 pages },
	publisher = {SPE Economics \& Management },
	abstract = {Canada{\textquoteright}s oil-sands industry is often perceived as having poor environmental performance. One focus area is the use of water for oil-sands production. Bitumen from oil sands is produced by surface mining or by in-situ thermal extraction. Both technologies are water-based. The oil-sands deposits are situated in northern Alberta, where the river basins have 87\% of the provincial average annual water supply but only have 13\% of the demand. Oil-sands operators have made significant progress in improving freshwater use productivity (intensity), and water use represents a small percentage of natural supply. For in-situ production, the 2010 freshwater use productivity for the industry was 0.43 units of freshwater per unit of bitumen produced. As an example of continuous improvement, the Imperial Oil Cold Lake in-situ oil-sands operation has improved freshwater use productivity by 90\% since 1985 through produced-water recycling and the use of deep saline groundwater. The in-situ oil-sands industry will remain a relatively small water user into the future (2030) using an estimated 0.04 to 0.09\% of available supply from the three river basins where it is situated. For oil-sands mining, most of the source water comes from the Athabasca River. The average water-use productivity for oil-sands production between 2006 and 2011 was 2.5 units of Athabasca River water per unit of bitumen and synthetic crude oil produced (3.6 for all freshwater sources). In 2011, the oil-sands mining industry used 0.54\% of the annual Athabasca River flow and 3\% of the lowest 2011-2012 winter weekly flow. For growth forecasts to 2030, it is estimated that the oil-sands mining industry will require 1.4\% of the average annual flow of the Athabasca River. Overall, by 2030, it is projected that the entire oil-sands industry will use less than 0.4\% of Alberta{\textquoteright}s average annual water supply to produce 80\% of Canada{\textquoteright}s total oil production.},
	keywords = {Athabasca River, in-situ, tributaries, water use},
	author = {Lunn, Stuart}
}
