@article {53965,
	title = {The effects of oil sands wetlands on wood frogs (Rana sylvatica)},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2010},
	month = {09/2010},
	pages = {14 pages },
	publisher = {Toxicological \& Environmental Chemistry },
	abstract = {Extraction of crude oil from oil sand produces solid (sand) and liquid (water with suspended fine particles) tailings materials, called oil sands process-affected materials (OSPM). These waste materials are stored on the mine site due to a {\textquotedblleft}zero discharge{\textquotedblright} policy and must be reclaimed when operations end. The liquid tailings materials are known to contain naphthenic acids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and have high pH and salinity. One method of reclamation is the {\textquotedblleft}wet landscape{\textquotedblright} approach, which involves using oil sands tailings materials to form wetlands that would mimic natural wetland ecological function. This study investigated the effects of wetlands formed with oil sands tailings materials on the survival and growth of wood frog (Rana sylvatica) larvae. In spring 2007, in-situ caging studies were completed in 14 wetlands that were of four different classes; young or old, reference or reclaimed. Tadpole survival was different between types of wetlands, with young tailings-affected wetlands (<=7 years old) having 41.5\%, 62.6\%, and 54.7\% higher tadpole mortality than old tailings-affected (>7 years old), young reference, and old reference wetlands, respectively. Since old wetlands created from OSPM showed effects on tadpoles similar to those of reference wetlands, which had markedly lower toxicity than young tailings-affected wetlands, we provide evidence that wetlands, at least 7 years old, can sustain amphibian life.},
	keywords = {amphibians, field, toxicity, UofC, UofS, wetlands},
	author = {Hersikorn, Blair D. and Ciborowski, Jan J. C. and Smits, Judit E. G.}
}
