@article {53003,
	title = {North American oil sands: History of development prospects for the future},
	year = {2008},
	note = {CRS Report for Congress RL34258.},
	month = {01/2008},
	pages = {27 pages },
	institution = {U.S. Congressional Research Service },
	address = {Washington, DC },
	abstract = {When it comes to future reliable oil supplies, Canada{\textquoteright}s oil sands will likely account for a greater share of U.S. oil imports. Oil sands account for about 46\% of Canada{\textquoteright}s total oil production and oil sands production is increasing as conventional oil production declines. Since 2004, when a substantial portion of Canada{\textquoteright}s oil sands were deemed economic, Canada, with about 175 billion barrels of proved oil sands reserves, has ranked second behind Saudi Arabia in oil reserves. Canadian crude oil exports were about 1.82 million barrels per day (mbd) in 2006, of which 1.8 mbd or 99\% went to the United States. Canadian crude oil accounts for about 18\% of U.S. net imports and about 12\% of all U.S. crude oil supply. Oil sands, a mixture of sand, bitumen (a heavy crude that does not flow naturally), and water, can be mined or the oil can be extracted in-situ using thermal recovery techniques. Typically, oil sands contain about 75\% inorganic matter, 10\% bitumen, 10\% silt and clay, and 5\% water. Oil sand is sold in two forms: (1) as a raw bitumen that must be blended with a diluent for transport and (2) as a synthetic crude oil (SCO) after being upgraded to constitute a light crude. Bitumen is a thick tar-like substance that must be upgraded by adding hydrogen or removing some of the carbon. Exploitation of oil sands in Canada began in 1967, after decades of research and development that began in the early 1900s. The Alberta Research Council (ARC), established by the provincial government in 1921, supported early research on separating bitumen from the sand and other materials. Demonstration projects continued through the 1940s and 1950s. The Great Canadian Oil Sands company (GCOS), established by U.S.-based Sunoco, later renamed Suncor, began commercial production in 1967 at 12,000 barrels per day. The U.S. experience with oil sands has been much different. The U.S. government collaborated with several major oil companies as early as the 1930s to demonstrate mining of and in-situ production from U.S. oil sand deposits. However, a number of obstacles, including the remote and difficult topography, scattered deposits, and lack of water, have resulted in an uneconomic oil resource base. Only modest amounts are being produced in Utah and California. U.S. oil sands would likely require significant R\&D and capital investment over many years to be commercially viable. An issue for Congress might be the level of R\&D investment in oil sands over the long term. As oil sands production in Canada is predicted to increase to 2.8 million barrels per day by 2015, environmental issues are a cause for concern. Air quality, land use, and water availability are all impacted. Socio-economic issues such as housing, skilled labor, traffic, and aboriginal concerns may also become a constraint on growth. Additionally, a royalty regime favorable to the industry has recently been modified to increase revenue to the Alberta government. However, despite these issues and potential constraints, investment in Canadian oil sands will likely continue to be an energy supply strategy for the major oil companies.},
	keywords = {economics, history, pipeline},
	url = {http://www.andrewnikiforuk.com/Dirty_Oil_PDFs/USReport\%20to\%20congress2008.pdf},
	author = {Humphries, M.}
}
