@inbook {52868,
	title = {Method for extraction and multielement analysis of Hypogymnia physodes samples from the Athabasca oil sands region},
	year = {2013},
	note = {IN:  Percy K.E. (Ed.). Alberta oil sands: Energy industry and the environment. Elsevier. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Developments in Environmental Science 11.  pp. 315-342.},
	pages = {27 pages },
	publisher = {Elsevier },
	organization = {Elsevier },
	address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands},
	abstract = {A microwave-assisted digestion technique followed by ICPMS analysis was used to measure concentrations of 43 elements in Hypogymnia physodes samples collected in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) of northern Alberta, Canada. Analysis of multiple Standard Reference Materials, replicate samples and digestion blanks indicate that 34 elements were routinely quantifiable in small samples of lichens (25-30 mg) from the AOSR. Analysis of As and Se was performed by dynamic reaction cell ICPMS techniques to minimize polyatomic interferences and improve detection limits. Data from 121 sampling locations show that concentrations of many elements are higher (factors of 1.5-3) near the oil sands operations (i.e., within 50 km) than further away (i.e., beyond 50 km). Statistical analysis shows that many of the 34 elements (particularly the Rare Earth Elements) are highly correlated, but others only have weak correlations with a few other elements. Linear regression of element concentrations versus Al indicates a range of behavior across elements that likely reflect multiple accumulation processes. Comparison with previous studies of Hypogymnia physodes shows that elemental concentrations within the AOSR are generally comparable but often towards the lower end of those reported for remote and background areas of the northern hemisphere. Sb and Pb concentrations, in particular, are among the lowest reported for Hypogymnia physodes.},
	keywords = {analytical methodology, lichen, metals},
	url = {https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=512640},
	author = {Edgerton, E.S. and Fort, J.M. and Baumann, K. and Graney, J.R. and Landis, M.S. and Berryman, S. and Krupa, S.}
}
