@article {47765,
	title = {Dissolved oxygen downstream of an effluent outfall in an ice-covered river : natural and artifical aeration},
	volume = {133},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1051-1060},
	publisher = {Journal of Environmental Engineering },
	abstract = { In ice-covered rivers, dissolved oxygen (DO) might fall below critical levels for aquatic biota in the absence of surface aeration, combined with low winter flow conditions and reduced photosynthesis rates. Open-water zones, however, can be created downstream of a diffuser by warm effluent discharges, resulting in an increase in surface aeration. In this study, we modeled the behavior of the effluent plume and the resulting open-water lead development in the Athabasca River, Alberta, Canada downstream of a pulp mill diffuser. The DO was found to increase by 0.26 mg / L due to surface aeration of an open-water lead of 6.07 km . We also evaluated oxygen injection into the effluent pipeline to increase the DO in the river. At an injection rate of 3,500 and 5,000 lb / day of liquid oxygen, the DO was increased by 0.16 and 0.21 mg / L , which corresponded to an absorption efficiency of about 50\%. The artificial aeration technique evaluated here appears to be an effective alternative to increase DO levels in ice-covered rivers. The results of this study are important in developing accurate DO models for ice-covered rivers and in evaluating oxygen injection systems.  Read less },
	author = {Lima Neto, Iran E. and Zhu, David D. and Rajaratnam, Nallamuthu, Yu, Tong and Spafford, Mark and McEachern, Preston}
}
